• N. Engl. J. Med. · Jan 2021

    Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study

    Phase 3 Trial of Interleukin-1 Trap Rilonacept in Recurrent Pericarditis.

    • Allan L Klein, Massimo Imazio, Paul Cremer, Antonio Brucato, Antonio Abbate, Fang Fang, Antonella Insalaco, Martin LeWinter, Basil S Lewis, David Lin, Sushil A Luis, Stephen J Nicholls, Arian Pano, Alistair Wheeler, John F Paolini, and RHAPSODY Investigators.
    • From the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.L.K., P.C.); University Cardiology, Cardiovascular, and Thoracic Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino and University of Turin, Turin (M.I.), the Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan (A.B.), and the Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome (A.I.) - all in Italy; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (A.A.); Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA (F.F., A.P., J.F.P.); the Cardiology Unit, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington (M.L.); the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Institute, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); the Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis (D.L.), and the Division of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (S.A.L.) - both in Minnesota; the Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia (S.J.N.); and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Hamilton, Bermuda (A.W.).
    • N. Engl. J. Med. 2021 Jan 7; 384 (1): 31-41.

    BackgroundInterleukin-1 has been implicated as a mediator of recurrent pericarditis. The efficacy and safety of rilonacept, an interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β cytokine trap, were studied previously in a phase 2 trial involving patients with recurrent pericarditis.MethodsWe conducted a phase 3 multicenter, double-blind, event-driven, randomized-withdrawal trial of rilonacept in patients with acute symptoms of recurrent pericarditis (as assessed on a patient-reported scale) and systemic inflammation (as shown by an elevated C-reactive protein [CRP] level). Patients presenting with pericarditis recurrence while receiving standard therapy were enrolled in a 12-week run-in period, during which rilonacept was initiated and background medications were discontinued. Patients who had a clinical response (i.e., met prespecified response criteria) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive continued rilonacept monotherapy or placebo, administered subcutaneously once weekly. The primary efficacy end point, assessed with a Cox proportional-hazards model, was the time to the first pericarditis recurrence. Safety was also assessed.ResultsA total of 86 patients with pericarditis pain and an elevated CRP level were enrolled in the run-in period. During the run-in period, the median time to resolution or near-resolution of pain was 5 days, and the median time to normalization of the CRP level was 7 days. A total of 61 patients underwent randomization. During the randomized-withdrawal period, there were too few recurrence events in the rilonacept group to allow for the median time to the first adjudicated recurrence to be calculated; the median time to the first adjudicated recurrence in the placebo group was 8.6 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0 to 11.7; hazard ratio in a Cox proportional-hazards model, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.18; P<0.001 by the log-rank test). During this period, 2 of 30 patients (7%) in the rilonacept group had a pericarditis recurrence, as compared with 23 of 31 patients (74%) in the placebo group. In the run-in period, 4 patients had adverse events leading to the discontinuation of rilonacept therapy. The most common adverse events with rilonacept were injection-site reactions and upper respiratory tract infections.ConclusionsAmong patients with recurrent pericarditis, rilonacept led to rapid resolution of recurrent pericarditis episodes and to a significantly lower risk of pericarditis recurrence than placebo. (Funded by Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals; RHAPSODY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03737110.).Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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