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- John C Markley and Mark D Rollins.
- Departments of *Anesthesia and Perioperative Care †OB/GYN and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
- Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun 1; 60 (2): 350-364.
AbstractAlthough it is the most effective method to treat labor pain, neuraxial analgesia may be undesired, contraindicated, unsuccessful, or unavailable. Providing safe choices for labor pain relief is a central goal of health care providers alike. Consequently, knowledge of the efficacy, clinical implementation, and side effects of various non-neuraxial strategies is needed to provide appropriate options for laboring patients. In addition to nonpharmacologic alternatives, inhaled nitrous oxide and systemic opioids represent two broad classes of non-neuraxial pharmacologic labor analgesia most commonly available. This review summarizes the current published literature for these non-neuraxial labor analgesic options.
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