• J N A Gibson and G Waddell.
• Lothian University Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4SU. j.n.a.gibson@ed.ac.uk
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 1(2):CD001352.

BackgroundSurgical investigations and interventions account for large health care utilisation and costs, but the scientific evidence for most procedures is still limited.ObjectivesDegenerative conditions affecting the lumbar spine are variously described as lumbar spondylosis or degenerative disc disease (which we regarded as one entity) and may be associated with back pain and associated leg symptoms, instability, spinal stenosis and/or degenerative spondylolisthesis. The objective of this review was to assess current scientific evidence on the effectiveness of surgical interventions for degenerative lumbar spondylosis.Search StrategyWe searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Spine and ISSLS abstracts, with citation tracking from the retrieved articles. We also corresponded with experts. All data found up to 31 March 2004 are included.Selection CriteriaRandomised (RCTs) or quasi-randomised trials of surgical treatment of lumbar spondylosis.Data Collection And AnalysisTwo authors assessed trial quality and extracted data from published papers. Additional information was sought from the authors if necessary.Main ResultsThirty-one published RCTs of all forms of surgical treatment for degenerative lumbar spondylosis were identified. The trials varied in quality: only the more recent trials used appropriate methods of randomization, blinding and independent assessment of outcome. Most of the earlier published results were of technical surgical outcomes with some crude ratings of clinical outcome. More of the recent trials also reported patient-centered outcomes of pain or disability, but there is still very little information on occupational outcomes. There was a particular lack of long term outcomes beyond two to three years. Seven heterogeneous trials on spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis and nerve compression permitted limited conclusions. Two new trials on the effectiveness of fusion showed conflicting results. One showed that fusion gave better clinical outcomes than conventional physiotherapy, while the other showed that fusion was no better than a modern exercise and rehabilitation programme. Eight trials showed that instrumented fusion produced a higher fusion rate (though that needs to be qualified by the difficulty of assessing fusion in the presence of metal-work), but did not improve clinical outcomes, while there is other evidence that it may be associated with higher complication rates. Three trials with conflicting results did not permit any conclusions about the relative effectiveness of anterior, posterior or circumferential fusion. Preliminary results of two small trials of intra-discal electrotherapy showed conflicting results. Preliminary data from three trials of disc arthroplasty did not permit any firm conclusions.Authors' ConclusionsLimited evidence is now available to support some aspects of surgical practice. Surgeons should be encouraged to perform further RCTs in this field.

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