Anesthesia and analgesia
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2008
ReviewThe howling cortex: seizures and general anesthetic drugs.
The true incidence of seizures caused by general anesthetic drugs is unknown. Abnormal movements are common during induction of anesthesia, but they may not be indicative of true seizures. Conversely, epileptiform electrocortical activity is commonly induced by enflurane, etomidate, sevoflurane and, to a lesser extent, propofol, but it rarely progresses to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. ⋯ This has been postulated to occur 1) at the network level by increasing the propensity for reverberation (e.g., by prolongation of the "inhibitory lag"), or 2) via different effects on subpopulations of interneurons ("inhibiting-the-inhibitors") or 3) at the synaptic level by changing the chloride reversal potential ("excitatory GABA"). On the basis of applied neuropharmacology, prevention of anesthetic-drug related seizures would include 1) avoiding sevoflurane and etomidate, 2) considering prophylaxis with adjunctive benzodiazepines (alpha-subunit GABA(A) agonists), or drugs that impair calcium entry into neurons, and 3) using electroencephalogram monitoring to detect early signs of cortical instability and epileptiform activity. Seizures may falsely elevate electroencephalogram indices of depth of anesthesia.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2008
Multicenter StudyCardiac arrest after spinal anesthesia in Thailand: a prospective multicenter registry of 40,271 anesthetics.
As part of the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study of anesthetic adverse outcomes, we evaluated the incidence and factors related to cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia. ⋯ The incidence of cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia was infrequent, but was associated with a high mortality rate. If the surgeon performed the spinal anesthetic, this was a significant factor associated with cardiac arrest. Increasing the number of anesthesiologists, improving monitoring guidelines for spinal anesthesia and improving the nurse-anesthetist training program may decrease the frequency of arrest and/or improve patient outcome.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2008
Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter StudyTranexamic Acid reduces perioperative blood loss in adult patients having spinal fusion surgery.
Spinal reconstructive surgery in adults can be associated with significant blood loss, often requiring allogeneic blood transfusion. The objective of this randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter study was to evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion in adult patients having elective posterior thoracic/lumbar instrumented spinal fusion surgery. ⋯ TXA significantly reduced the estimated and calculated total amount of perioperative blood loss in adult patients having elective posterior thoracic/lumbar instrumented spinal fusion surgery.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2008
Randomized Controlled TrialThe effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to enhance preoxygenation in morbidly obese patients: a randomized controlled study.
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) with pressure support-ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure are effective in providing oxygenation during intubation in hypoxemic patients. We hypothesized administration of oxygen (O2) using NPPV would more rapidly increase the end-tidal O2 concentration (ETO2) than preoxygenation using spontaneous ventilation (SV) in morbidly obese patients. ⋯ Administration of O2 via a facemask with NPPV in the operating room is safe, feasible, and efficient in morbidly obese patients. In this population NPPV provides a more rapid O2 administration, achieving a higher ETO2.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 2008
Randomized Controlled TrialPostoperative pain and analgesic requirements after anesthesia with sevoflurane, desflurane or propofol.
General anesthetics may have nociceptive actions that affect postoperative pain. In studies evaluating postoperative pain, the effect of general anesthetics on analgesic requirements has not been considered except for one recent study suggesting that propofol anesthesia provides better analgesia after surgery than isoflurane. ⋯ Morphine consumption and pain 24 h postoperatively did not differ among the sevoflurane, desflurane, and propofol groups.