Lancet
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Prostate cancer is a very common disease in more-developed countries, but its cause is largely unknown. It is an androgen-dependent cancer, and androgens have been proposed as having a substantial role in predisposition to the disease. Thus, variations in androgen metabolism genes may affect risk of this disease. ⋯ The A49T variant of the SRD5A2 gene may be a significant contributor to the incidence of prostate cancer in African-American and Hispanic men in Los Angeles. We estimate that the population attributable risk due to this aminoacid substitution for clinically significant disease is about 8% in both populations. Increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone catalysed by this variant steroid 5alpha-reductase enzyme may be the cause of the increased risk.
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Dynamic perineal ultrasound studies show that midurethral anchoring of vagina prevents bladder neck descent, funnelling, and urine loss on effort. Appearances are consistent with continence control by a musculoelastic mechanism.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Serotherapy in scorpion envenomation: a randomised controlled trial.
Evidence for the benefit of scorpion antivenom, the only specific treatment for scorpion envenomation, is scarce, despite its common use. We did a prospective, randomised, controlled trial to assess the efficacy of routine administration of scorpion antivenom to scorpion-stung patients, irrespective of clinical severity. ⋯ We found no benefit in routine administration of scorpion antivenom after scorpion sting, irrespective of clinical severity. Future studies should focus on patients with the most severe symptoms and signs.