Spine
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Animal experimental study. ⋯ Large numbers of macrophages were recruited from the bone marrow in kaolin-induced rat syringomyelia. However, a significant number of resident microglia upregulated their ED1 activity and appear to provide a substantial source of macrophages.
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Comparative Study
Comparison of the functional rating index and the 18-item Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire: responsiveness and reliability.
Retrospective design. ⋯ The Functional Rating Index seems preferable to the 18-item Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for use in clinical trials and clinical practice.
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Comparative Study
Comparison of multifidus muscle atrophy and trunk extension muscle strength: percutaneous versus open pedicle screw fixation.
This study was conducted by retrospective case selection and prospective observation of longitudinal changes of the multifidus muscle cross-sectional area and of trunk extension muscle strength in percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixations. ⋯ Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation caused less paraspinal muscle damage than open pediclescrew fixation and had positive effects on postoperative trunk muscle performance.
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Systematic review. ⋯ Despite an increase in the number of studies over the last 10 years, the level of evidence for the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation in chronic back and leg pain/failed back surgery syndrome remains "moderate." Prognostic factors found to be predictive of the level of pain relief following spinal cord stimulation were study quality, follow-up duration, study setting, and patient indication.