Spine
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Retrospective case-controlled study. ⋯ 4.
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Oxidative/nitrosative stress in vertebral endplates of patients with low back pain and Modic changes (MCs) (types I, II, and III) endplate changes on magnetic resonance imaging. ⋯ 4.
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Cadaveric study to accurately measure lumbar neuroforaminal area and height throughout the flexion-extension range of motion (ROM). ⋯ N/A.
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Recall of the informed consent process in patients undergoing adult spinal deformity surgery and their family members was investigated prospectively. ⋯ 3.