Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
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Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. · Oct 2016
Meta AnalysisAcute inhalation toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide revisited: Comparison of models to disentangle the concentration × time conundrum of lethality and incapacitation.
Contemporary emergency response planning guidelines are stratified to consider the threshold for serious toxicity and/or impairment of escape, relative to the potentially lethal level above this threshold and the lower level at which individuals should not experience or develop effects more serious than mild irritation. While harmonized testing guidelines and risk assessment paradigms are available for the quantification of thresholds for lethality or establishing no adverse effect levels, the quantification of 'impairment of escape' appears to be a more elusive goal. Approaches were explored in context with CO and HCN in past experimental combustion toxicology studies to estimate the time available for escape. ⋯ No specific modeled carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level could be linked to onset of incapacitation. In summary, the higher ventilation of rats (kg body weight adjusted) renders this species even more susceptible than heavy breathing humans. LCt01 × 1/3 values derived from the comprehensive Cxt matrix of rat inhalation studies are considered to be most suitable and robust to estimate the human equivalent threshold (POD) of 'impairment of escape'.
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Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. · Jun 2013
Review Meta Analysis Comparative StudyThe effect on health of switching from cigarettes to snus - a review.
Interest in snus (Swedish type moist snuff) as an alternative to smoking is increasing, but the evidence on the health effects of switching from cigarettes to snus has not previously been reviewed. We identified six epidemiological cohort or case-control studies, all from Sweden, which allowed comparison of cancer or cardiovascular disease risk in current snus users who formerly smoked ("switchers") with that of never snus users who continued to smoke ("continuers") or of never snus users who quit smoking ("quitters"). ⋯ Based on estimates from four studies for ischaemic/coronary heart disease or acute myocardial infarction, meta-analyses gave combined relative risk estimates of 0.55 (95% confidence interval 0.45-0.68) for switchers vs. continuers and 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.83-1.26) for switchers vs. quitters. Though based on limited evidence with some weaknesses, these results are consistent with a recent review which found no increased risk of cancer or heart disease from snus use.