The British journal of surgery
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Although sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an established treatment for faecal incontinence, stimulation parameters have been derived empirically and only one frequency (14 Hz) is employed clinically. The aim of this study was to test a range of stimulation frequencies to establish an optimal frequency of SNM for maximum augmentation of anal canal cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in an animal model. ⋯ The effect of SNM in this animal model is governed principally by frequency, with an optimum of 2 Hz. If animal data can be translated to humans, optimization of SNM frequency may offer a clinically relevant improvement in the efficacy of SNM. Surgical relevance Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for faecal incontinence currently employs stimulation parameters that have been derived empirically and may not be optimal. This study used an animal model of SNM and focused on its acute effect on anal canal cortical evoked potentials (EPs). It was found that SNM potentiated EPs, with a clear optimum at a frequency of 2 Hz. If this finding is applicable to the mechanism of action of human SNM, this suggests that there may be a clinically relevant improvement by reducing stimulus frequency from its typical value of 14 Hz to 2 Hz.
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Comparative Study Observational Study
Outcomes in locally advanced rectal cancer with highly selective preoperative chemoradiotherapy.
This study compared outcomes after surgery alone for stage II/ III rectal cancer in a tertiary cancer unit versus highly selective use of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). ⋯ Locally advanced rectal cancer does not necessarily require neoadjuvant CRT.
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Comparative Study
Anal acoustic reflectometry predicts the outcome of percutaneous nerve evaluation for faecal incontinence.
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is effective for some patients with faecal incontinence. Before insertion of a costly implant, percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) is undertaken to identify patients likely to report success from SNS. The aim of this study was to determine whether variables of anal sphincter function measured by anal acoustic reflectometry (AAR) could predict the outcome of PNE for faecal incontinence. ⋯ AAR is a sensitive test of sphincter function and can identify differences between patients who respond to PNE and those who do not. Opening pressure is an independent predictor of success in PNE, and may be of value in the selection of patients for this expensive treatment option.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in people with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). There is little evidence that screening for AAA reduces all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. The aim of the study was to assess whether subjects with a small or medium AAA (3·0-5·4 cm), without previous history of clinical CVD, had raised levels of CVD biomarkers or increased total mortality. ⋯ People with small or medium AAA and no clinical symptoms of CVD have higher levels of hs-CRP and H-FABP, and higher mortality compared with controls. They should continue to receive secondary prevention against CVD.
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It is unclear whether recommendations about ultrasound screening programmes for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) among men should be extended to include women who smoke. The aim was to examine sex-specific dose-response associations between AAA risk and smoking status, pack-years smoked and time since smoking cessation. ⋯ There were sex differences in the associations between smoking status and AAA risk. These data support further investigation of targeted AAA screening among women who smoke.