PLoS medicine
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effectiveness of app-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on preventing major depressive disorder in youth with insomnia and subclinical depression: A randomized clinical trial.
Increasing evidence suggests that insomnia plays an important role in the development of depression, supporting insomnia intervention as a promising approach to prevent depression in youth. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of app-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in preventing future onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in youth. ⋯ App-based CBT-I is effective in preventing future onset of major depression and improving insomnia outcomes among youth with insomnia and subclinical depression. These findings highlight the importance of targeting insomnia to prevent the onset of MDD and emphasize the need for wider dissemination of digital CBT-I to promote sleep and mental health in the youth population.
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The French guidelines have recommended a restrictive policy of episiotomy since 2005. We aimed to assess variations in the prevalence of both episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) from the 2010, 2016, and 2021 National Perinatal Surveys. ⋯ The significant overall reduction in the prevalence of episiotomy in France has not been followed by an overall increase in OASI. However, subgroup analyses revealed a significant rise in OASI among nulliparous women giving birth by spatula (Group 2b), and a clinically relevant but statistically nonsignificant rise among nulliparous women delivering by forceps (Group 2a), while the prevalence of episiotomy significantly decreased. These results should be interpreted with caution given the low prevalence of OASI in some subgroups. Further research is needed to predict the optimal rate of episiotomy for instrumental deliveries. In hospitals with high episiotomy rates, our findings suggest that episiotomy could be safely reduced for spontaneous vaginal deliveries to comply with international guidelines and women's requests.
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School closures have been a prominent component of the global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) response. However, their effect on viral transmission, COVID-19 mortality and health care system pressure remains incompletely understood, as traditional observational studies fall short in assessing such population-level impacts. ⋯ Our analysis revealed nuanced effects of school closures on COVID-19 dynamics, with reductions in COVID-19 impacts in most countries but negative epidemiological effects in a few others. We identified critical mechanisms for consideration in future policy decisions, highlighting the unpredictable nature of emerging variants and potential shifts in infection demographics associated with school closures.
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Cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal disease are among the leading causes of disability in middle-aged and older people. Health and lifestyle factors in youth have known associations with cardiovascular or respiratory disease in adulthood, but largely unknown associations with musculoskeletal disease. ⋯ While high body mass was a risk factor for all 3 studied groups of diseases, high cardiorespiratory fitness and high muscle strength in youth were associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal disease in middle age. We speculate that these associations are mediated by chronic overload or acute trauma.
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Federal policy impact analyses in the United States do not incorporate the potential economic benefits of adolescent mental health policies. Understanding the extent to which economic benefits may offset policy costs would support more effective policymaking. This study estimates the relationship between adolescent psychological distress and later health and economic outcomes and uses these estimates to determine the potential economic effects of a hypothetical policy. ⋯ Our findings showed the impacts of adolescent mental health policies on the federal budget and found potentially large effects on the economy if policies achieve population-level change.