Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine
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Venous thrombosis within the hepatic vasculature is associated with a distinct array of risk factors, characteristics, and potential complication. As such, it entails unique management considerations and strategies relative to the more common categories of venous thromboembolic disease. Although broadly divided into thrombosis of the afferent vasculature (the portal venous system) and efferent vasculature (the hepatic venous system), presentations and management strategies within these groupings are heterogeneous. ⋯ Critically, we must recognize that although increasing evidence is emerging to help guide our management strategies, the available data remain limited and largely retrospective. Indeed, current paradigms are based largely on observational experiences and expert consensus. As new and more rigorous studies emerge, treatment strategies are likely to be continually refined, and paradigm shifts are sure to occur.
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Antiphospholipid syndrome is one of the more common acquired causes of hypercoagulability. Its major presentations are thrombotic (arterial, venous, or microvascular) and pregnancy morbidity (miscarriages, late intrauterine fetal demise, and severe pre-eclampsia). Classification criteria include 3 different antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I. Management includes both preventive strategies (low-dose aspirin, hydroxychloroquine) and long-term anticoagulation after thrombosis.
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Clinical trials serve as the gold standard to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tested drugs prior to marketing authorization. Nevertheless, there have been a few challenging issues well noted in traditional clinical trials such as tedious processing duration and escalating high costs among others. ⋯ Herein this article presents an update on the innovated human trial designs that are corroborated through coming up with approval of notable therapeutic compounds for clinical utilization including delivery of several blockbuster products. It is intended to inspire clinical investigators and pharmaceutical development not only timely communicating with the regulatory agencies, but also insightful translating from cutting-edge scientific discoveries.
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NFκB signaling and protein trafficking network play important roles in various biological and pathological processes. NIK-and-IKK2-binding protein (NIBP), also known as trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9), is a prototype member of a novel protein family, and has been shown to regulate both NFκB signaling pathway and protein transport/trafficking. NIBP is extensively expressed in the nervous system and plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. ⋯ As more cases of NIBP Syndrome are identified, new light is being shed on the role of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in the central nervous system developments and diseases. NIBP is also involved in the enteric nervous system. This review will highlight the importance of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in central and enteric nervous system diseases, and the established possible mechanisms for developing a potential therapeutic.
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Review
Liquid biopsy for breast cancer using extracellular vesicles and cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers.
Improvement of breast cancer (BC) patient's outcome is directly related to early detection. However, there is still a lack of reliable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and, treatment follow up in BC, leading researchers to study the potential of liquid biopsy based on circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs). ⋯ In this review, we discuss new findings about c-miRNA and their potential as biomarkers for BC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Additionally, we address the impact of limitations associated with the standardization of analysis techniques and methods on the implementation of these biomarkers in the clinical setting.