Immunotherapy
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Review Case Reports
Nivolumab-induced cytokine-release syndrome in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report and literature review.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a common malignant disease, especially among children in America. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy are mainstay treatments for Hodgkin's lymphoma, a small portion of patient experiences relapsed or refractory diseases. Nivolumab provides an option for patients who experience relapsed or refractory disease, but adverse effects may occur. ⋯ The patient eventually experienced complete remission after his fifth dose of nivolumab. Cytokine-release syndrome might reflect good efficacy during treatment of relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma with nivolumab. However, health care providers, should stay alert and take appropriate measures if adverse effects, such as cytokine-release syndrome, occur.
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A marked heterogeneity is exhibited by asthma both clinically and at the molecular level with different phenotypes driven by diverse mechanistic pathways that require specifically targeted treatments. Biologics aimed at IL-4/13, IL-5 or IgE are proven or potentially effective treatments for patients with difficult to treat eosinophilic asthma. ⋯ Such asthma phenotypes have been identified by reproducible and straightforward discriminatory biomarkers. This short review discusses recent studies of the effectiveness of the anti-IL-5 reslizumab in relation to the use of simple reproducible biomarkers in eosinophilic asthma.
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This review describes trials evaluating the monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab (an immunotherapy that blocks the interaction between programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 and 2 [PD-L1/PD-L2]) as first-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the Phase III KEYNOTE-024 study, pembrolizumab monotherapy significantly improved progression-free survival (primary end point) and overall survival, and was associated with fewer adverse events compared with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC with PD-L1 expression on ≥50% of tumor cells. In cohort G of the Phase I/II KEYNOTE-021 study, pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and carboplatin significantly improved objective response rate (primary end point) and progression-free survival versus pemetrexed and carboplatin alone, and had manageable toxicity in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC. These results have changed first-line management of advanced NSCLC.
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Adoptive T-lymphocyte transfer-based immunotherapy for cancers has seen huge leaps with both CARs and engineered TCRs. Despite this, issues relating to safety and efficacy persist. ⋯ On the other hand, inhibitory switch receptors inhibit the effects of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes on unintended targets. This paper reviews the switch receptors reported thus far, and lists out potential improvements and future works.
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Although the development of anticancer drugs has improved the outcomes of bone and soft tissue sarcomas, the clinical outcome of patients with relapsed sarcomas remains unsatisfactory due to therapeutic toxicities and resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, novel therapeutic modalities are needed to improve the outcome of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas. ⋯ However, immune-suppressive conditions by immune regulator PD-1, CTLA-4 and regulatory T cells help tumor growth and progression. In this report, current immunotherapies including cellular immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors are introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of the treatments are discussed.