Nature reviews. Neurology
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Nature reviews. Neurology · Dec 2012
ReviewNeural interfaces for the brain and spinal cord--restoring motor function.
Regaining motor function is of high priority to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). A variety of electronic devices that interface with the brain or spinal cord, which have applications in neural prosthetics and neurorehabilitation, are in development. Owing to our advancing understanding of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, new technologies to monitor, decode and manipulate neural activity are being translated to patient populations, and have demonstrated clinical efficacy. ⋯ Next-generation interfaces that combine recording and stimulating capabilities in so-called closed-loop devices will further extend the potential for neuroelectronic augmentation of injured motor circuits. Emerging evidence suggests that integration of closed-loop interfaces into intentional motor behaviours has therapeutic benefits that outlast the use of these devices as prostheses. In this Review, we summarize this evidence and propose that several known plasticity mechanisms, operating in a complementary manner, might underlie the therapeutic effects that are achieved by closing the loop between electronic devices and the nervous system.
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Nature reviews. Neurology · Oct 2012
ReviewNeurocognitive function after radiotherapy for paediatric brain tumours.
The brain is highly vulnerable to neurotoxic agents during the prime learning period of a child's life. Paediatric patients with brain tumours who are treated with cranial radiation therapy (CRT) often go on to develop neurocognitive deficits, which are reflected in poor academic achievement and impaired memory, attention and processing speed. ⋯ In this article, we review the underlying mechanisms and clinical consequences of CRT-induced neurocognitive damage in survivors of paediatric brain tumours. We discuss the recent application of neuroimaging technologies to identify white matter injury following CRT, and highlight new radiation techniques, pharmacological and neurological interventions, as well as rehabilitation programmes that have potential to minimize neurocognitive impairment following CRT.
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Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction that occurs secondary to infection in the body without overt CNS infection. SAE is frequently encountered in critically ill patients in intensive care units, and in up to 70% of patients with severe systemic infection. The severity of SAE can range from mild delirium to deep coma. ⋯ This Review discusses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of SAE. Recent evidence for SAE pathophysiology is outlined and a diagnostic approach to patients with this syndrome is presented. Lastly, prognosis and management of SAE is discussed.