Chest
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Mortality has long been used as a primary end point for randomized controlled trials in critical care. Recently, a plurality of trials targeting mortality end points as their primary outcome has failed to detect a difference between study arms. ⋯ We explore some of the reasons why such trials may be biased toward a neutral result, as well as reasons to consider alternative end points that are better coupled to the expected therapeutic effect. We also discuss to what extent mortality as a binary outcome is patient-important in the ICU.
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Providing guideline-concordant management of pulmonary nodules can present challenges when a patient's anxiety about cancer or fear of invasive procedures colors judgment. The way in which providers discuss and make decisions about how to evaluate a pulmonary nodule can affect patient satisfaction, distress, and adherence to evaluation. This article discusses the complexity of tailoring patient-provider communication, decision-making, and implementation of guidelines for pulmonary nodule evaluation to the individual patient, emphasizing the importance of how information is conveyed and the value of listening to and addressing patients' concerns. We summarize the relevant guideline recommendations and literature, and provide two case scenarios to illustrate a patient-centered approach to discussing and managing pulmonary nodules from our perspectives as a pulmonologist and thoracic surgeon.
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Review
Recognition and Management of Myositis-Associated Rapidly Progressive Interstitial Lung Disease.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are autoimmune processes that are characterized by skeletal muscle inflammation. The lung is the most commonly involved extramuscular organ, and, when present, pulmonary disease drives morbidity and mortality. ⋯ Although the cornerstone of therapy for these patients remains multimodality immunosuppression, emerging data support a role for advanced therapies (including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and lung transplantation) in appropriately selected patients. It is hoped that greater awareness of the clinical features of this syndrome will allow for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these potentially treatable patients, as well as raise awareness of the need for multicenter collaboration to prospectively study how to manage this complex disease.
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Observational Study
Effect of Cefepime on Neurotoxicity Development in Critically Ill Adults with Renal Dysfunction.
Pharmacodynamic and pathophysiologic changes in critically ill adults receiving cefepime may increase the risk of adverse events. ⋯ Cefepime-associated neurotoxicity is an uncommon occurrence in critically ill adults. Patients with severe renal dysfunction receiving higher-dose cefepime may be at greater risk of cefepime-associated neurotoxicity, although this requires additional investigation.
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Economic evaluations, including cost-effectiveness analyses, are frameworks for decision-making. They help to illustrate tradeoffs between selecting one choice over another. This form of analysis is of great power and value to the health-care system. ⋯ This article provides an overview of the types of economic evaluations and their role in decision-making. It also discusses key study design considerations, including methods, scope, results, and reporting. Links to published checklists are provided along with additional sources of information, including a glossary of terms (Appendix), to guide the researcher to produce high-quality economic evaluations and guide the reviewer to provide high-quality feedback during the review process.