Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism
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Semin. Arthritis Rheum. · Oct 2002
ReviewPerson-centered approach to care, teaching, and research in fibromyalgia syndrome: justification from biopsychosocial perspectives in populations.
To describe complex interactions of multiple factors believed to contribute to fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) at a person-centered level to enhance approaches to care, teaching, and research. The main factors addressed were central nervous system sensory sensitization, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, neurohumoral perturbations, and psychosocial and environmental stressors. A person-centered approach is defined as attention to major biopsychosocial issues of affected individuals. ⋯ Innovative analytical methodologies will need to be developed to more effectively investigate complex interacting biopsychosocial dynamics at a person-centered level, including qualitative research, and multifactorial and multilevel techniques. Adding person-centered approaches to biopsychosocial concepts of FMS promises to show new physiopathogenetic insights and more effective treatment than current biomedical models alone. Person-centered approaches enhance patient-physician relationships and help prioritize patients' goals in mutually derived treatment plans.
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Semin. Arthritis Rheum. · Dec 1998
Review Case ReportsDisseminated histoplasmosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and review of the literature.
To report a patient who developed both central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and disseminated histoplasmosis and to review the literature regarding histoplasma infection in patients with SLE. ⋯ Opportunistic infection is an important complication of SLE and may be difficult to diagnose. Symptoms of infection may mimic those of a lupus flare, or conversely, symptoms may be masked by the use of corticosteroids. Fever, unexplained tissue involvement, atypical clinical patterns, and poor response to immunosuppressive therapy should alert the clinician to aggressively pursue evaluation of possible infection in patients with SLE.
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The pathophysiology and management of chronic pain are reviewed in this two-part article, with an emphasis on pharmacological therapies and surgical interventions. ⋯ Despite the development of new instruments and treatments to assess and manage pain, chronic pain is often poorly understood and inadequately addressed. Caregivers often lack sufficient skills to intervene promptly and effectively. Traditionally, drug therapy has relied on the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics for chronic nociceptive pain. A newer analgesic choice for moderate to moderately severe pain is tramadol, a centrally acting agent with at least two complementary mechanisms of action and minimal gastrointestinal or renal toxicity. Adjuvant agents, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), anticonvulsants, and local anesthetics, also help manage chronic neuropathic pain. Although significant advances in the understanding of chronic pain and its pathophysiological mechanisms and newer techniques (noninvasive and invasive) for chronic pain management have become available, reduced patient morbidity and improved quality of life may only be realized with an improved understanding of available resources.
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Tumor-induced (oncogenic) osteomalacia is a rare clinicopathologic entity in which the clinical signs and symptoms of osteomalacia and the specific laboratory abnormalities of hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, and low serum levels of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D are associated with the finding of a neoplastic process in the patient. To date, less than 100 cases of oncogenic osteomalacia have been described. ⋯ The clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic spectrum of tumor-induced osteomalacia is presented, and the postulated mechanism of this condition is discussed in light of the relevant literature. The presence of occult neoplasms should be considered in cases of unexplained adult osteomalacia, with the physician's efforts being rewarded by the dramatic cure that follows excision of the tumor.
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Pulmonary involvement is one of the extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and includes pleurisy, parenchymal nodules, interstitial involvement, and airway disease. Rheumatoid pulmonary vasculitis is rare. Pulmonary disease also may be observed as a toxic event consequent to treatment for RA. ⋯ It is uncertain if preexisting lung disease predisposes RA patients to MTX-pneumonitis. Treatment of lung disease in RA is empirical. Corticosteroids are usually administered and immunosuppressive drugs are often added when pulmonary disease progresses and/or steroid side-effects appear.