Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Apr 2004
Clinical TrialThe influence of anthracycline therapy on cardiac function during anesthesia.
Cardiotoxicity is a well recognized complication of anthracycline (AC) therapy. Subtle abnormalities in myocardial function that become apparent only after exercise may exist in survivors of childhood cancer who have previously received AC, yet have normal resting cardiac function. To evaluate if anesthesia-induced changes in cardiac function differ in pediatric patients with previous AC therapy from healthy children and adolescents, we evaluated in a prospective study 43 patients, of whom 42 were analyzed. Twenty-one patients (AC-group), mean age 9.6 yr (range, 3-16 yr), who had received 193 (30-490) mg/m(2) of AC as a mean cumulative dose with normal resting cardiac function (shortening fraction [SF] 0.34, normal value > 0.30) underwent removal of a Hickman catheter under general anesthesia. Twenty-one patients, mean age 10.9 yr (range, 4-17 yr), who underwent placement of a Hickman catheter before chemotherapy served as the control. All children were premedicated with midazolam 0.5 mg/kg orally. Anesthesia was induced by sodium thiopental (5 mg/kg), fentanyl (3 micro g/kg), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane (1 MAC) in N(2)O/O(2) (70/30). Before induction (baseline), 5 and 20 min after intubation (T1 and T2), and 20 min after extubation (control), cardiac function was assessed by transthoracic (baseline, control) and transesophageal (T1, T2) echocardiography. Compared with baseline (SF: 34.9 +/- 3.7 [AC], 34.1 +/- 3.7 [C] [not significant]; stroke volume index [SVI] 36 +/- 6 mL/m(2)[AC], 35 +/- 4 mL/m(2)[C] [not significant]; cardiac index [CI] 3.6 +/- 0.6 L/min/m(2)[AC], 3.2 +/- 0.5 L/min/m(2)[C] [not significant]), we found a significant decrease in SF and SVI in both groups at T1 (SF: 26.2 +/- 3.6 [AC] versus 28.6 +/- 3.6 [C] [P < 0.05]; SVI: 26 +/- 4 mL/m(2) [AC] versus 30 +/- 46 mL/m(2) [C] [P < 0.05]) and T2 (SF: 24.1 +/- 3.2 [AC] versus 28.2 +/- 2.5 [C] [P < 0.01], SVI: 26 +/- 6 mL/m(2) [AC] versus 31 +/- 5 mL/m(2) [C] [P < 0.01]), which was significantly greater in the AC group. There were no significant changes of variables of diastolic function (E/A ratio, isovolumetric relaxation time) between both groups. Previous treatment with AC may enhance the myocardial depressive effect of anesthetics even in patients with normal resting cardiac function. ⋯ Previous treatment with anthracylines, a group of chemotherapeutic drugs in use for childhood cancer, may enhance the myocardial depressive effect of anesthetics even in children and adolescents with normal resting cardiac function.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Apr 2004
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialPerioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery.
Sodium channel blockers are approved for IV administration in the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Preclinical studies have suggested antihyperalgesic effects on the peripheral and central nervous system. Our objective in this study was to determine the time course of the analgesic and antihyperalgesic mechanisms of perioperative lidocaine administration. Forty patients undergoing major abdominal surgery participated in this randomized and double-blinded study. Twenty patients received lidocaine 2% (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg in 10 min followed by an IV infusion of 1.5 mg. kg(-1). h(-1)), and 20 patients received saline placebo. The infusion started 30 min before skin incision and was stopped 1 h after the end of surgery. Lidocaine blood concentrations were measured. Postoperative pain ratings (numeric rating scale of 0-10) and morphine consumption (patient-controlled analgesia) were assessed up to 72 h after surgery. Mean lidocaine levels during surgery were 1.9 +/- 0.7 microg/mL. Patient-controlled analgesia with morphine produced good postoperative analgesia (numeric rating scale at rest,
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Apr 2004
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialThe effects of spread of block and adrenaline on cardiac output after epidural anesthesia in young children: a randomized, double-blind, prospective study.
Epidural anesthesia is considered to be without significant hemodynamic consequence in young children. However, conversely to adults, few studies have investigated cardiac output. Using transesophageal Doppler monitoring of cardiac output, we prospectively investigated hemodynamic alterations in 48 children (median age, 22.5 mo) receiving sevoflurane general anesthesia combined with caudal or thoracolumbar epidural anesthesia. They were randomly assigned to receive 0.8 mL/kg of plain local anesthetic mixture (lidocaine 1% + bupivacaine 0.25% (50/50) + 1 microg/mL of fentanyl) or 1 mL/kg of the same mixture with 5 microg/mL of adrenaline. No significant hemodynamic alteration was elicited in caudal and thoracolumbar groups receiving the plain mixture except a moderate decrease in heart rate. Conversely, a mixture with adrenaline added provoked a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure by 14% and 17%, in systemic vascular resistance by 24% and 40%, and an increase in cardiac output by 20% and 34% in caudal and thoracolumbar groups, respectively. The adrenaline effect was greater by the thoracolumbar than the caudal approach. In young children, epidural anesthesia induces an increase in cardiac output only when adrenaline is added to local anesthetics, probably through its systemic absorption from the epidural space. ⋯ Epidural anesthesia may induce significant hemodynamic changes, well documented in adults. Using noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in children, we reported an increase in cardiac output and a decrease in arterial blood pressure only when epinephrine was added to epidurally-injected local anesthetics.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Apr 2004
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialPerioperative rofecoxib improves early recovery after outpatient herniorrhaphy.
Non-opioid analgesics have become increasingly popular as part of a multimodal regimen for pain management in the ambulatory setting. We designed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of perioperative administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib on patient outcome after inguinal herniorrhaphy procedures. Sixty consenting outpatients undergoing elective hernia repair surgery were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (vitamin C, 500 mg) or rofecoxib (rofecoxib, 50 mg). The first oral dose of the study medication was administered 30-40 min before entering the operating room, and a second dose of the same medication was given on the morning of the first postoperative day. Recovery times, postoperative pain scores, the need for "rescue" analgesics, and side effects were recorded at 1- to 10-min intervals before discharge from the recovery room. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 36 h, 7 days, and 14 days after surgery to assess postdischarge pain, analgesic requirements, resumption of normal activities, as well as patient satisfaction with their postoperative pain management. Rofecoxib significantly decreased the early recovery times, leading to an earlier discharge home after surgery (88 +/- 30 vs 126 +/- 44 min, P < 0.05). When compared with the control group, the patients' median [range] quality of recovery score was also significantly higher in the rofecoxib group (18 [14-18] vs 16 [13-18], P < 0.05). In the predischarge period, a significantly larger percentage of patients required rescue pain medications in the control group (67% vs 37% in the rofecoxib group, P < 0.05). At the 36-h follow-up assessment, rofecoxib-treated patients reported significantly reduced oral analgesic requirements (0 [0-20] vs 9 [1-33] pills, P < 0.05) and lower maximal pain scores, resulting in improved patient satisfaction with their postoperative pain management (3 [1-4] vs 2 [0-3], P < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the times required to resume their activities of daily living. In conclusion, perioperative rofecoxib, 50 mg per os, significantly decreased postoperative pain and the need for analgesic rescue medication, leading to a faster and improved quality of recovery after outpatient hernia surgery. However, perioperative use of rofecoxib failed to improve recovery end points in the postdischarge period. ⋯ Rofecoxib (50 mg per os), given before and after surgery, was effective in improving postoperative pain management, as well as the speed and quality of recovery after outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. However, it failed to accelerate the postdischarge resumption of normal activities of daily living.