Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Jun 2015
ReviewChronic opioid use and central sleep apnea: a review of the prevalence, mechanisms, and perioperative considerations.
Chronic opioid use has been associated with the development of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) such as central sleep apnea (CSA). Patients receiving chronic opioids may suffer from unrecognized sleep apnea that contributes to opioid-overdose death. Currently, information regarding the perioperative management of patients with chronic opioid-associated CSA is limited. The objectives of this review are to define the clinical manifestations of SDB associated with chronic opioid therapy, especially CSA, and to highlight their prevalence, mechanisms, risk factors, and perioperative management. ⋯ The overall prevalence of CSA in patients taking chronic opioids was 24%. The most important risk factors for severity of CSA were an MEDD >200 mg, and low or normal body mass index. Continuous positive airway pressure is often ineffective for treating CSA. Limited data are available on the perioperative management of patients with CSA associated with chronic opioid use. Further prospective studies on the perioperative risks and management of these patients are needed.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Jun 2015
Randomized Controlled TrialThe Feasibility of Using a Portable Xenon Delivery Device to Permit Earlier Xenon Ventilation with Therapeutic Cooling of Neonates During Ambulance Retrieval.
Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care after perinatal asphyxia. Preclinical studies show 50% xenon improves outcome, if started early. ⋯ Xenon delivery during ambulance retrieval was feasible, reduced starting delays, and used very little gas.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Jun 2015
Comparative StudyIntraoperative Multimodal Evoked Potential Monitoring During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Retrospective Study of 264 Patients.
Methods for detecting intraoperative cerebral ischemia arising from internal carotid artery (ICA) cross-clamping during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) should be sensitive, specific, and rapid to prevent intraoperative stroke. We had 3 objectives pertaining to this: (1) investigation of the rates of success of multimodal evoked potential (mEP) monitoring using a combination of median nerve (m) somatosensory (SS) EPs, tibial nerve SSEPs (tSSEPs), and transcranial electrical stimulated motor EPs (tcMEPs); (2) evaluation of the rates of false-negative mEP results; and (3) analysis of the relationship between different time periods associated with ICA cross-clamping and the postoperative outcome of motor function in patients with significant changes in mEP monitoring. ⋯ Multimodal EP monitoring is applicable during CEA. The 0.4% false-negative rate suggests an advantage of mEP monitoring when compared with isolated mSSEP monitoring. Our data suggest that periods of time during cross-clamping were not significantly associated with postoperative motor deficit. However, the small number of patients limits the conclusiveness of these findings. mEP monitoring could not prevent a postoperative motor deficit in all patients, but our results suggest that it is a useful adjunct to mSSEP monitoring.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Jun 2015
Gene Transfer of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 67 by Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors Suppresses Neuropathic Pain Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp120 Combined with ddC in Rats.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related painful sensory neuropathies primarily consist of the HIV infection-related distal sensory polyneuropathy and antiretroviral toxic neuropathies. Pharmacotherapy provides only partial relief of pain in patients with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome because little is known about the exact neuropathological mechanisms for HIV-associated neuropathic pain (NP). Hypofunction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABAergic inhibitory mechanisms has been reported after peripheral nerve injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HIV gp120 combined with antiretroviral therapy reduces spinal GABAergic inhibitory tone and that restoration of GABAergic inhibitory tone will reduce HIV-related NP in a rat model. ⋯ Based on our results, we suggest that GAD67 mediated by HSV vectors acting through the suppression of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and transcriptional factors in the spinal cord decreases pain in the HIV-related neuropathic pain model, providing preclinical evidence for gene therapy applications in patients with HIV-related pain states.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Jun 2015
Observational StudyPostoperative sleep-disordered breathing in patients without preoperative sleep apnea.
Recently published data show that postoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is significantly increased in some patients without preoperative sleep apnea. These patients may be at risk of developing perioperative adverse events related to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and predictors of postoperative moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI > 15 events/h) in patients without sleep apnea preoperatively. ⋯ At least 18.3% of non-sleep apnea patients developed moderate-to-severe SDB after surgery. Age and preoperative RDI were associated with the occurrence of postoperative moderate-to-severe SDB.