Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 1999
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialSpinal clonidine prolongs labor analgesia from spinal sufentanil and bupivacaine.
We sought to determine whether spinal clonidine 50 microg prolongs the analgesia from the spinal administration of sufentanil 7.5 microg and bupivacaine 2.5 mg early in the first stage of labor. Thirty patients were randomized to receive a 2-mL spinal injection of sufentanil 7.5 microg + bupivacaine 2.5 mg with or without clonidine 50 microg using a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique. Pain, nausea, pruritus, sedation, motor block, blood pressure, and heart rate were assessed until the patient requested additional analgesia. Analgesia was significantly prolonged in patients who received spinal sufentanil + bupivacaine + clonidine (197 +/- 70 vs 132 +/- 39 min; P = 0.004). Pain scores and side effects, including motor block, sedation, and hypotension, were similar between groups. Spinal clonidine significantly prolongs labor analgesia from spinal sufentanil and bupivacaine without producing serious adverse side effects. ⋯ We studied the effects of spinal clonidine administered with spinal sufentanil and bupivacaine on labor analgesia using a combined spinal-epidural technique and conclude that spinal clonidine significantly prolongs labor analgesia from spinal sufentanil and bupivacaine without producing serious adverse effects.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 1999
Comparative Study Clinical TrialA comparison of myogenic motor evoked responses to electrical and magnetic transcranial stimulation during nitrous oxide/opioid anesthesia.
Transcranial motor evoked potentials (tc-MEPs) are used to monitor spinal cord integrity intraoperatively. We compared myogenic motor evoked responses with electrical and magnetic transcranial stimuli during nitrous oxide/opioid anesthesia. In 11 patients undergoing spinal surgery, anesthesia was induced with i.v. etomidate 0.3 mg/kg and sufentanil 1.5 microg/kg and was maintained with sufentanil 0.5 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) and N2O 50% in oxygen. Muscle relaxation was kept at 25% of control with i.v. vecuronium. Electrical stimulation was accomplished with a transcranial stimulator set at maximal output (1200 V). Magnetic transcranial stimulation was accomplished with a transcranial stimulator set at maximal output (2 T). Just before skin incision, triplicate responses to single stimuli with both modes of cortical stimulation were randomly recorded from the tibialis anterior muscles. Amplitudes and latencies were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Bilateral tc-MEP responses were obtained in every patient with electrical stimulation. Magnetic stimulation evoked only unilateral responses in two patients. With electrical stimulation, the median tc-MEP amplitude was 401 microV (range 145-1145 microV), and latency was 32.8 +/- 2.3 ms. With magnetic stimulation, the tc-MEP amplitude was 287 microV (range 64-506 microV) (P < 0.05), and the latency was 34.7 +/- 2.1 ms (P < 0.05). We conclude that myogenic responses to magnetic transcranial stimulation are more sensitive to anesthetic-induced motoneural depression compared with those elicited by electrical transcranial stimulation. ⋯ Transcranial motor evoked potentials are used to monitor spinal cord integrity intraoperatively. We compared the relative efficacy of electrical and magnetic transcranial stimuli in anesthetized patients. It seems that myogenic responses to magnetic transcranial stimulation are more sensitive to anesthetic-induced motoneural depression compared with electrical transcranial stimulation.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 1999
Comparative StudyThe incidence of fetal heart rate changes after intrathecal fentanyl labor analgesia.
We performed a retrospective review to compare the incidence of new fetal heart rate abnormalities after institution of either intrathecal fentanyl or conventional epidural labor analgesia. In chronological order, the first 100 parturients in active labor who had received epidural analgesia and had recorded fetal heart rate (FHR) traces for 30 min before and after injection were identified, as were the first 100 parturients who had received intrathecal fentanyl analgesia. A perinatologist blinded to the anesthetic technique evaluated each recording and identified any changes in the FHR between the before and after tracings. The incidence of new "negative" (implying worsened fetal status) changes was 6% in the epidural group and 12% in the intrathecal group (P > 0.05, not significant). There were no differences in incidence or degree of blood pressure change, need for cesarean delivery, neonatal outcome, parity, or oxytocin use. No parturient required urgent or emergent cesarean delivery, and all changes resolved within the 30-min observation period. A much larger study would be required to determine whether this six percentage point difference represents a true difference between groups, and its clinical significance. ⋯ We compared the incidence of fetal heart rate changes after two techniques of labor analgesia. Both techniques were associated with a low (6%-12%) incidence of changes, but a much larger series would be required to determine whether this represents a true difference. No difference in neonatal outcome was found.
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How does physiological sleep affect the Bispectral Index (BIS)? We collected electroencephalographic (EEG) data from five subjects during the early part of the night, comparing the changes in the BIS with the conventional EEG stages of sleep. We found that the BIS was a consistent marker of depth of sleep. Light sleep occurred at BIS values of 75-90, slow-wave sleep occurred at BIS values of 20-70, and rapid eye movement sleep occurred at BIS values of 75-92. The effects of natural sleep on the BIS seem to be similar to the effects of general anesthesia on the BIS. The BIS may have a role in monitoring depth of sleep. ⋯ Electroencephalographic data were collected from five subjects during sleep. We found that the Bispectral Index decreased during increasing depth of sleep in a fashion very similar to the decrease in Bispectral Index that occurs during general anesthesia. This study further highlights the electroencephalographic similarities of states of sleep and general anesthesia.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 1999
Comparative StudyMeasuring brain tissue oxygenation compared with jugular venous oxygen saturation for monitoring cerebral oxygenation after traumatic brain injury.
Jugular bulb oximetry is the most widely used method of monitoring cerebral oxygenation. More recently, measurement of brain tissue oxygenation has been reported in head-injured patients. We compared the changes in brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (PbO2) with changes in jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO2) in response to hyperventilation in areas of brain with and without focal pathology. Thirteen patients with severe head injuries were studied. A multiparameter sensor was inserted into areas of brain with focal pathology in five patients and outside areas of focal pathology in eight patients. A fiberoptic catheter was inserted into the right jugular bulb. Patients were hyperventilated in a stepwise manner from a PaCO2 of approximately 35 mm Hg to a PaCO2 of 22 mm Hg. There was no significant change in cerebral perfusion pressure or arterial partial pressure of oxygen with hyperventilation. In areas without focal pathology, there was a good correlation between changes in SjVO2 and PbO2 (deltaSjVO2 and deltaPbO2; r2 = 0.69, P < 0.0001). In areas with focal pathology, there was no correlation between deltaSjVO, and APbO2 (r2 =0.07, P = 0.23). In this study, we demonstrated that measurement of local tissue oxygenation can highlight focal differences in regional cerebral oxygenation that are disguised when measuring SjVO2. Thus, monitoring of PbO2 is a useful addition to multimodal monitoring of patients with traumatic head injury. ⋯ Brain oxygenation is currently monitored by using jugular bulb oximetry, which attracts a number of potential artifacts and may not reflect regional changes in oxygenation. We compared this method with measurement of brain tissue oxygenation using a multiparameter sensor inserted into brain tissue. The brain tissue monitor seemed to reflect regional brain oxygenation better than jugular bulb oximetry.