Lancet
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Over 200 interstitial lung diseases, from ultra rare to relatively common, are recognised. Most interstitial lung diseases are characterised by inflammation or fibrosis within the interstitial space, the primary consequence of which is impaired gas exchange, resulting in breathlessness, diminished exercise tolerance, and decreased quality of life. Outcomes vary considerably for each of the different interstitial lung diseases. ⋯ This Seminar provides an update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, disease course, and management of the interstitial lung diseases that are most frequently encountered in clinical practice. Furthermore, we describe how developments have led to a shift in the classification and treatment of interstitial lung diseases that exhibit progressive pulmonary fibrosis and summarise the latest practice-changing guidelines. We conclude with an outline of controversies, uncertainties, and future directions.
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The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) 2.0 score was developed and validated in predominantly male patient populations. We aimed to assess its sex-specific performance in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) and to develop an improved score (GRACE 3.0) that accounts for sex differences in disease characteristics. ⋯ Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Lindenhof Foundation, Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, and Theodor-Ida-Herzog-Egli Foundation.
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Some autoimmune diseases are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine whether or not this is true, and to what extent, for a broad range of autoimmune conditions. ⋯ Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions and European Society of Cardiology.