Pain
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Mediators, moderators, and predictors of therapeutic change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain.
Although cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have been demonstrated to be effective for a variety of chronic pain problems, patients vary in their response and little is known about patient characteristics that predict or moderate treatment effects. Furthermore, although cognitive-behavioral theory posits that changes in patient beliefs and coping mediate the effects of CBT on patient outcomes, little research has systematically tested this. Therefore, we examined mediators, moderators, and predictors of treatment effects in a randomized controlled trial of CBT for chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. ⋯ Patients who reported more pain sites, depressive symptoms, non-specific physical problems, rumination, catastrophizing, and stress before treatment had higher activity interference at one year. The effects of CBT generally did not vary according to patient baseline characteristics, suggesting that all patients potentially may be helped by this therapy. The results provide further support for cognitive-behavioral models of chronic pain and point to the potential benefits of interventions to modify specific pain-related beliefs in CBT and in other health care encounters.
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Sympathetically maintained pain could either be mediated by ephaptic interactions between sympathetic efferent and afferent nociceptive fibers or by catecholamine-induced activation of nociceptive nerve endings. We report here single fiber recordings from C nociceptors in a patient with sympathetically maintained pain, in whom sympathetic blockade had repeatedly eliminated the ongoing pain in both legs. We classified eight C-fibers as mechano-responsive and six as mechano-insensitive nociceptors according to their mechanical responsiveness and activity-dependent slowing of conduction velocity (latency increase of 0.5+/-1.1 vs. 7.1+/-2.0 ms for 20 pulses at 0.125 Hz). ⋯ Moreover, their activity-dependent slowing was typical for mechano-insensitive nociceptors. We conclude that sensitized mechano-insensitive nociceptors can be activated by endogenously released catecholamines and thereby may contribute to sympathetically maintained pain. No evidence for ephaptic interaction between sympathetic efferent and nociceptive afferent fibers was found.
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Controlled Clinical Trial
Higher levels of pain readiness to change and more positive affect reduce pain reports--a weekly assessment study on arthritis patients.
The objective of the study was to analyze the relationships between Pain Readiness to Change, weekly measures of positive and negative affect and pain over eight subsequent weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Factor analysis based on data from three different samples of patients with rheumatic diseases and other chronic pain conditions suggested a three factor solution for the Norwegian version of the Pain Stages of Change questionnaire (PSOCQ) representing Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action/Maintenance (ACT) stages from the original Transtheoretical Model. ⋯ This may imply that a combination of cognitive factors and positive affect is most effective in relation to pain reduction. Results encourage continued investigation of apparent interactions between chronic pain, affect, and pain self-management.