Pain
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Given the high prevalence of depression in individuals with chronic pain and the negative outcomes associated with such comorbidity, the importance of assessing depressive symptoms is widely acknowledged by chronic pain specialists. The BDI-II is a commonly employed measure of depressive symptomatology at pain centres; however, little is known about its psychometric properties in this population. This study evaluated factorial validity, internal consistency, and gender invariance of the BDI-II in 481 patients with chronic pain. ⋯ Overall, results support the construct validity and internal consistency of the BDI-II for assessing depressive symptoms in both women and men with chronic pain. Results support the appropriateness of computing a total score and/or subscale scores. These results impact chronic pain researchers and clinicians, particularly given current trends toward empirically supported assessment.
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The development and maintenance of chronic pain are influenced by its social context, and especially by the responses of family members. For children, very few instruments are available that measure pain-related parental behavior. Using the Multidimensional Pain Inventory for adults (MPI; [Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE. ⋯ Child-perceived maternal behavior was significantly related to overall parenting and to mothers' actual behavior as observed during a cold pressor test. Finally, the PPBI was sensitive to differences in mothers' responses depending on the specific nature of the child's pain. Child and parent reports of parental behaviors were modestly correlated and were differentially related to the validity measures, hence supporting the importance of assessing the social context of pediatric pain independently of both the child's and the parent's perspectives.
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Incidence rate estimates of neuropathic pain are scanty and mostly address single types whereas the scope of the disease is wide. We aimed to calculate the incidence rates of neuropathic pain conditions in the Dutch general population and to assess treatment strategies in primary care. The study population included persons registered for at least one year in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database between 1996 and 2003. ⋯ Anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants were only used by 4.8 and 4.7% of cases. Neuropathic pain is a rather frequent condition with an annual incidence of almost 1% of the general population and affecting women and middle-aged persons more often. The treatment mostly consisted of regular analgesics suggesting that pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain is suboptimal.
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Tibia fracture in rats initiates a cascade of nociceptive, vascular, and bone changes resembling complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Previous studies suggest that the pathogenesis of these changes is attributable to an exaggerated regional inflammatory response to injury. We postulated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) might mediate the development of CRPS-like changes after fracture. ⋯ After fracture the rats developed hindpaw mechanical allodynia and unweighting, which were reversed by sTNF-R1 treatment. Consistent with the behavioral data, spinal Fos increased after fracture and this effect was inhibited by sTNF-R1 treatment. Collectively, these data suggest that facilitated TNF signaling in the hindlimb is an important mediator of chronic regional nociceptive sensitization after fracture, but does not contribute to the hindlimb warmth, edema, and bone loss observed in this CRPS I model.
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Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses provide evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behaviourally informed treatment (CBT) programmes for chronic pain. The current study aims to provide practice-based evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in routine clinical settings. Over a 10-year period 1013 pain patients were accepted into a 4 week in-patient pain management programme. ⋯ There was also evidence that a small percentage of patients (1-2%) reliably deteriorated during the period of treatment. The limitations in the inferences that can be drawn from this study and of the methodology are discussed. A case is made for the application of benchmarking methods using data from RCTs in order to more fully evaluate practice and to generate better quality practice based evidence.