Early human development
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Early human development · Jun 2010
Clinical management of the baby with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
The results of randomized clinical trials indicate that the optimal management for infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy is therapeutic hypothermia combined with high quality standard neonatal intensive care. In addition to therapeutic hypothermia clinical management of the infant with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy should include the management of multiorgan dysfunction, obtaining and documenting detailed clinical information and performing appropriate investigations and assessment to confirm the diagnosis and to help direct care, and providing counseling and support to the family. This article is a summary of the in hospital clinical management of infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
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Early human development · Jun 2010
Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
There is now a strong evidence base supporting therapeutic hypothermia for infants with moderate or severe neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Experimental and clinical data indicate that induced hypothermia reduces cerebral hypoxic ischaemic injury and randomized clinical trials in newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy confirm improved neurological outcomes and survival at 18 months of age with therapeutic hypothermia. ⋯ Efforts are now focused on optimal implementation of therapeutic hypothermia in clinical practice: training in the assessment of severity of encephalopathy; initiation and maintenance of hypothermia before admission to a cooling facility; care of the infant during cooling; and appropriate investigation and follow-up are crucial for optimizing neurological outcomes. The establishment of registries of infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and audit are important for guiding clinical practice.
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Early human development · May 2010
Anxiety disorders before birth and self-perceived distress during pregnancy: associations with maternal depression and obstetric, neonatal and early childhood outcomes.
Maternal perinatal mental health has been shown to be associated with adverse consequences for the mother and the child. However, studies considering the effect of DSM-IV anxiety disorders beyond maternal self-perceived distress during pregnancy and its timing are lacking. ⋯ Findings confirm the transmission of anxiety disorders from mother to offspring. Apart from maternal anxiety, self-perceived distress during pregnancy also emerged as a putative risk factor for adverse outcomes. The finding that maternal anxiety disorders before birth yielded less consistent associations, suggests that self-perceived distress during pregnancy might be seen as a putative moderator/mediator in the familial transmission of anxiety.
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Early human development · Mar 2010
Clinical monitoring of systemic hemodynamics in critically ill newborns.
Circulatory failure is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in critically ill newborn infants. Since objective measurement of systemic blood flow remains very challenging, neonatal hemodynamics is usually assessed by the interpretation of various clinical and biochemical parameters. An overview is given about the predictive value of the most used indicators of circulatory failure, which are blood pressure, heart rate, urine output, capillary refill time, serum lactate concentration, central-peripheral temperature difference, pH, standard base excess, central venous oxygen saturation and colour.
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The most important cerebrovascular injuries in newborn infants, particularly in preterm infants, are cerebral haemorrhage and ischemic injury. The typical cerebral vascular anatomy and the disturbance of cerebral haemodynamics play important roles in the pathophysiology. The term 'cerebral haemodynamics' includes cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood flow velocity, and cerebral blood volume (CBV). ⋯ Although this knowledge is still incomplete, especially regarding autoregulation and the exact role of CBV, it is still useful. Using it even without knowing the exact level of CBF and CBV, it is possible to aim to keep CBF and CBV stable. Future research should focus on development of monitoring tools, gaining more insight in neonatal cerebral autoregulation, and demonstrating clinical benefits of a 'cerebral perfusion-oriented' therapy.