Neurosurgery
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The Spetzler-Martin grading system for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is based on size (S), eloquence (E), and deep venous drainage (V). However, variation exists due to subgroup heterogeneity. While previous studies have demonstrated variations in outcomes within grade III AVMs, no studies have focused on grade II AVM subtypes. ⋯ Subtypes of grade II AVMs portend different posttreatment gains in functional outcome. Group 1 (S2V0E0) patients had the best functional outcome gain from treatment, while group 3 (S1V1E0) patients fared less well, particularly with surgical treatment.
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Extracranial vertebral artery disease is seen in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis, although the clinical significance is not well understood. ⋯ There may be an increased risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis with concurrent asymptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis.