Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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The purpose of the study was to document various aspects of concussion in Canadian Amateur hockey including demographics, causes, treatment, and prevention in order to guide future recommendations on how to reduce injury. ⋯ The primary recommendation to reduce the number and severity of concussions is to eliminate plays where there is a demonstrable intent to injure another player. Concussions in hockey are of considerable concern; however, there is now encouraging information with respect to the treatment of these injuries.
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Independently living older adults (over the age of 65 yr) consume adequate volumes of fluids on a daily basis. However, when challenged by fluid deprivation, a hyperosmotic stimulus, or exercise in a warm environment (all of which combine hypovolemia and hyperosmolality), older adults exhibit decreased thirst sensation and reduced fluid intake. Full fluid restoration eventually occurs, but full restoration of fluid balance is slowed. ⋯ Compared with the elderly, there are scant data associated with homeostatic control of thirst in children. Nonhomeostatic control of thirst and drinking behavior may likewise be different for children (as it is for the elderly), as compared with young adults; however, little empirical data exist on this topic. Children rarely exhibit voluntary dehydration for activities lasting 45 min or less; however, drink flavoring and sodium chloride are important promoters of drinking in active children.
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Med Sci Sports Exerc · Jul 2001
ReviewVentilatory limitations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by dysfunction of the small and large airways, as well as by destruction of the lung parenchyma and vasculature, in highly variable combinations. Breathlessness and exercise intolerance are the most common symptoms in COPD and progress relentlessly as the disease advances. Exercise intolerance is multifactorial, but in more severe disease, ventilatory limitation is often the proximate exercise-limiting event. ⋯ DH compromises the ability of the inspiratory muscles to generate pressure, and the positive intrathoracic pressures likely contribute to cardiac impairment during exercise. Progressive DH hastens the development of critical ventilatory constraints that limit exercise and, by causing serious neuromechanical uncoupling, contributes importantly to the quality and intensity of breathlessness. The corollary of this is that therapeutic interventions that reduce operational lung volumes during exercise, by improving lung emptying or by reducing ventilatory demand (which delays the rate of DH), result in clinically meaningful improvement of exercise endurance and symptoms in disabled COPD patients.
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Med Sci Sports Exerc · May 2001
Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between level of physical activity and risk of cognitive decline at older age and its variation across carriers and noncarriers of the apolipoprotein e4 allele. ⋯ The authors conclude that promotion of physical activity at older age may reduce the risk of cognitive decline. The existence of subgroups with a particularly high risk may have important implications for prevention strategies.
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Med Sci Sports Exerc · Apr 2001
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialEffect of energy restriction and exercise on vitamin B-6 status of women during lactation.
Lactation increases vitamin B-6 requirements because its concentration in breast milk is related to maternal intake and it is essential for infants. Exercise may also increase the requirement because it increases utilization and excretion of vitamin B-6. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether energy restriction and exercise affected vitamin B-6 status of lactating women. ⋯ Energy restriction and exercise from 4 to 14 wk postpartum in overweight, breastfeeding women consuming adequate dietary intakes and 2.0 mg of supplemental vitamin B-6 does not adversely affect vitamin B-6 status or infant growth.