Appetite
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Memory for recent eating and its influence on subsequent food intake.
The effect of being reminded of a recent eating episode on subsequent food intake was examined in unrestrained eaters. In Experiment 1, female participants were exposed to a "lunch cue" (in which they were asked to think about what they had eaten for lunch), or "no cue" (free thought condition), for 5 min prior to eating. Participants ate less following exposure to the "lunch cue" than the "no cue" condition. ⋯ Intake in the "lunch today" condition was suppressed relative to both the "lunch yesterday" and "no cue" condition. Subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, and desire to eat did not vary as a function of cue type in either Experiment 1 or Experiment 2. These results are consistent with the suggestion that memory of recent eating is an important cognitive factor influencing food intake.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Stimulus satiation: effects of repeated exposure to foods on pleasantness and intake.
Frequent and repeated exposure to foods produces stimulus satiation or monotony. To explore further the nature of stimulus satiation, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 investigated the influence of initial pleasantness and frequency of intake on monotony. ⋯ Both experiments demonstrated significant changes in pleasantness and desire to eat chocolate, but no commensurate decline in intake. Thus, although stimulus satiation occurred for subjective ratings of pleasantness and desire to eat chocolate, intake remained unaffected. This apparent dissociation between pleasantness and intake may reflect different processes underlying liking and wanting.
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This paper reviews the contribution of John Davis to understanding how meal size is organized and controlled in the rat. By measuring the rate and pattern of licking of various liquid diets during sham feeding and real feeding, Davis demonstrated that meal size is the result of the central integration of positive feedback from orosensory stimulation and negative feedback from postingestive stimulation of the stomach and small intestine. ⋯ At the microstructural level, orosensory stimulation increases burst size or cluster size, while postingestive negative feedback decreases the number of bursts or clusters. His results remind us that behavior is the basic science of ingestion, important in itself, and essential for the investigation of the neural mechanisms that organize it.
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This study investigated the effect of pre-exposure to two types of food cues (olfactory and cognitive) on food intake by restrained and unrestrained eaters. Subjects were exposed to either no cue, an olfactory cue, a cognitive cue or a combination of the two types of food cues for ten minutes prior to eating. Restrained eaters ate significantly more than did unrestrained eaters after exposure to the food cues. ⋯ Although baseline subjective ratings were equivalent for both groups of subjects, after cue pre-exposure, restrained subjects, in keeping with their increased consumption, indicated a significantly greater craving, liking, and desire to eat the cued food (pizza) than did the unrestrained subjects. These findings suggest that restrained eaters are more sensitive and reactive to food cues than are unrestrained eaters. The food cues appeared to generate an appetitive urge to eat in restrained eaters.