Appetite
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Dish influences implicit gender-based food stereotypes among young Japanese adults.
The present study explored whether the gender impression of a dish affects the gender stereotypes of foods. We assessed gender stereotypes of food among young Japanese adults using a semantic priming task. As prime stimuli, we took pictures of food in combination with a dish. ⋯ The feminine-evaluated dish exhibited a facilitation of the femininity and an inhibition of the masculinity of foods. Similarly, the masculine-evaluated dish exhibited a facilitation of the masculinity and an inhibition of the femininity of foods. These results suggest that gender-based stereotypical attitudes toward food pictures are determined by the combination of gender impressions for both the food itself and its dish.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Power of food moderates food craving, perceived control, and brain networks following a short-term post-absorptive state in older adults.
The Power of Food Scale (PFS) is a new measure that assesses the drive to consume highly palatable food in an obesogenic food environment. The data reported in this investigation evaluate whether the PFS moderates state cravings, control beliefs, and brain networks of older, obese adults following either a short-term post-absorptive state, in which participants were only allowed to consume water, or a short-term energy surfeit treatment condition, in which they consumed BOOST®. ⋯ Furthermore, individuals who scored high on the PFS were at an increased risk for experiencing these effects. Future research is needed to examine the eating behavior of persons who score high on the PFS and to develop interventions that directly target food cravings.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of weight loss intervention on the association between eating behaviour measured by TFEQ-18 and dietary intake in adults.
Associations between eating behaviour (cognitive restraint, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating) and dietary intake (energy, energy nutrients and fibre) were assessed in overweight or obese adults (body mass index >27 kg/m(2), n=49) before and after weight loss intervention in a randomized follow-up study lasting 18 months. Counselling was either intensive or short-term. Eating behaviour was assessed using the three-factor eating questionnaire-18 and dietary intake with 5-day food records at 0 and 18 months. ⋯ Cognitive restraint was associated with lower energy intake at 0 and 18 months (r=-0.34, r=-0.36, respectively) and higher intakes of carbohydrates (r=0.39), sucrose (r=0.33) and fibre (r=0.44) and a lower intake of fat (r=-0.43) at 18 months. Those with the highest cognitive restraint at 18 months had the lowest energy and fat intake, the highest carbohydrate and fibre intake and the greatest weight loss. The results suggest that enhancing cognitive restraint could be a target for improving weight loss counselling, although further evaluation of the causal relationship would be needed in order to find the best practices for enhancing cognitive restraint.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Impact of exercise and dietary fatty acid composition from a high-fat diet on markers of hunger and satiety.
To compare the effects of both dietary fatty acid composition and exercise vs. sedentary conditions on circulating levels of hunger and satiety hormones. Eight healthy males were randomized in a 2 × 2 crossover design. The four treatments were 3 days of HF diets (50% of energy) containing high saturated fat (22% of energy) with exercise (SE) or sedentary (SS) conditions, and high monounsaturated fat (30% of energy) with exercise (UE) or sedentary (US) conditions. ⋯ VAS scores for hunger and fullness did not differ between any treatment but did correlate with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin. High saturated or unsaturated fat diets did not differ with respect to markers of hunger or satiety. Exercise decreased 24h leptin and insulin while increasing PYY regardless of FA composition.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Acute effect of walking on energy intake in overweight/obese women.
This study examined the acute effect of a bout of walking on hunger, energy intake, and appetite-regulating hormones [acylated ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] in 19 overweight/obese women (BMI: 32.5 ± 4.3 kg/m²). Subjects underwent two experimental testing sessions in a counterbalanced order: exercise and rest. Subjects walked at a moderate-intensity for approximately 40 min or rested for a similar duration. ⋯ None of these variables were associated with energy intake. In conclusion, hunger and energy intake were unaltered by a bout of walking suggesting that overweight/obese individuals do not acutely compensate for the energy cost of the exercise bout through increased caloric consumption. This allows for an energy deficit to persist post-exercise, having potentially favorable implications for weight control.