Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2021
Meta AnalysisProvider communication and HPV vaccine uptake: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Provider communication can be critically important to families as they consider HPV vaccination. We sought to characterize the association of provider communication and HPV vaccine uptake, and when communication better motivates vaccination. We searched four databases for studies published between 2006 and 2019. ⋯ Provider discussion was similarly associated with higher HPV vaccine initiation (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 6.3-24.3). In summary, provider communication was robustly associated with HPV vaccination initiation, completion, and follow-through. These findings suggest that US public health efforts to increase HPV vaccine coverage should continue to emphasize provider communication.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2021
Review Meta AnalysisLifestyle interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of different strategies and effects on cardiometabolic health.
Cardiometabolic comorbidities are highly prevalent in clinical populations, and have been associated (partly) with their sedentary lifestyle. Although lifestyle interventions targeting sedentary behaviour (SB) have been studied extensively in the general population, the effect of such strategies in clinical populations is not yet clear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of different lifestyle interventions on SB and cardiometabolic health in clinical populations. ⋯ Blood glycated haemoglobin concentration (-0.17%; 95% CI: [-0.30, -0.04]%; p = 0.01), fat percentage (-0.66%; 95% CI: [-1.26, -0.06]%, p = 0.03) and waist circumference (-1.52 cm; 95%CI: [-2.84, -0.21] cm; p = 0.02) were significantly reduced in the intervention groups compared to control groups. Behavioural lifestyle interventions reduce SB among clinical populations and improve cardiometabolic risk markers such as waist circumference, fat percentage, and glycaemic control. Sedentary behaviour, Cardiometabolic health, Clinical populations.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2021
Alcohol testing and alcohol involvement among violent deaths by state, 2014-2016.
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing rates vary across states, potentially biasing estimates of alcohol involvement in violent deaths. The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) collects information on violent deaths, including decedents' BACs. This study assessed characteristics of violent deaths by BAC testing status, and the proportion of decedents with a positive BAC or BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL. ⋯ Among the violent deaths with a reported BAC, 41.1% had a positive BAC and 27.7% had a BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL. About 2 in 5 violent deaths were missing data on alcohol testing. Increased testing and reporting of alcohol among violent deaths could inform the development and use of evidence-based prevention strategies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) for reducing violent deaths.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2021
Smoking behavior in 18-20 year-olds after tobacco 21 policy implementation in California: A difference-in-differences analysis with other states.
In June 2016, California implemented a Tobacco 21 (T21) policy that increased the minimum sale age of tobacco products from 18 to 21. This study examined the association between California's T21 policy and smoking behavior (ever, current, daily, and nondaily) in 18-20 year-olds using data from the 2012-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 15,863). The annual change in odds of smoking among 18-20 year-olds post-policy (July 2016-December 2019) was compared with the pre-policy period (January 2012 - June 2016) 1) within California and 2) compared with states without a T21 policy. ⋯ Results for current smoking were similar. For daily smoking, there was an 8% annual decrease before the policy and a 26% annual decrease after the policy among 18-20 year-olds in California; D-I-D estimates were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.14) using referent states as the comparison and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.95) using 21-23 year-olds in California as the comparison. There was an association between California's T21 policy and a decrease in daily smoking among 18-20 year-olds, compared with 21-23 year-olds, more than three years post-implementation.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2021
Comparative StudyCircumvention of COVID-19-related restrictions on tobacco sales by the e-cigarette industry in South Africa and comparative analyses of e-cigarette vs cigarette volume sales during 2018-2020.
As a public health measure against COVID-19, South Africa restricted the sale of "tobacco, e-cigarettes and related products" for 5 months, ending on August 17, 2020. We examined marketing activities related to novel tobacco products (e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products) during this restriction. Using web scraping, we accessed data for 2661 e-cigarette liquids marketed online by South African vendors in June 2020. ⋯ The restriction saw decreased sales of heated tobacco products; mean weekly heated tobacco product sales in the 6 weeks following the restriction (772,585 kits/week) were dramatically lower versus the 6 weeks preceding the restriction (2.26 million kits/week). Lifting the restriction saw a 131% spike in sales between the latter half of August 2020 (825,638 kits) and mid-September 2020 sales (1.90 million kits), even though total sales in September 2020 were half of what was observed in the preceding year (3.81 million units in September 2020, vs 6.33 million units, September 2019). The marketing of cannabidiol and other novel products by e-cigarette manufacturers and the tobacco industry may encourage youth use; close monitoring is required.