Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. · Nov 2014
Prognostic value of elevated levels of intestinal microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in patients with heart failure: refining the gut hypothesis.
Altered intestinal function is prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF), but its role in adverse outcomes is unclear. ⋯ High TMAO levels were observed in patients with HF, and elevated TMAO levels portended higher long-term mortality risk independent of traditional risk factors and cardiorenal indexes.