Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
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Pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) account for approximately half of all pediatric central nervous system tumors. The low-grade gliomas' first line of treatment is gross total resection. However, when gross total resection is not possible, options for adjuvant therapy are limited. MRI-guided laser ablation (magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT)) offers a new option for treatment in selected cases. We present a description of the current MRgLITT technology and an exemplary case-series review of our experience in its use in LGGs. ⋯ MRIgLITT is a successful option for treatment for selected de novo or recurrent low-grade gliomas in children. It can be combined with other therapies offering the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure. LITT may be added to the current pediatric neuro-oncology protocols, but larger prospective series are needed to show the effectiveness of LITT and to standardize indications and protocols.
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Review Case Reports
Isolated traumatic retroclival hematoma: case report and review of literature.
Retroclival hematomas are a rare entity. The pathology can be categorized into epidural hematoma or subdural hematoma based on the anatomy of the tectorial membrane. Frequently, the etiology is related to accidental trauma, though other mechanisms have been observed, including coagulopathy, non-accidental trauma, and pituitary apoplexy. There have been only 2 prior cases where both epidural and subdural hematoma co-present. ⋯ Retroclival hematoma may present after trauma. Although most cases exhibit a benign clinical course with conservative management, significant and profound morbidity and mortality have been reported. Prompt diagnosis with close observation is prudent. Surgical management is indicated in the presence of hydrocephalus, symptomatic brainstem compression, and occipito-cervical instability.
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Case Reports
Delayed surgical repair of cranial burst fracture without strict dura closure: a prudent choice in selected patients?
Surgical management of cranial burst fracture (CBF) usually involves craniotomy to remove the devitalized brain tissues, followed by watertight repair of dural tears. However, there were times when the dural tear was so extensive that a substantially large bone flap would have to be removed in order to expose the retracted dural margins before it could be repaired. In such cases, strict dural repair would incur a significantly higher risk of damages to the surrounding neural tissues and severe bleeding, especially when the fracture was in the vicinity of eloquent cortical areas and sinus. Basing on our own clinical experiences, we suggest strict dural closure is not mandatory for these selected patients. ⋯ In those selected cases of CBF in whom an extraordinary large craniotomy would be required to expose the entire retracted dura margins, given satisfactory evacuation of devitalized brain tissues and restoration of the bone flaps were achieved, we suggest strict dura closure is not compulsory.
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Case Reports
Delayed refractory hyperventilation following endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a 5-year-old boy.
We present the case of a 5-year-old boy who developed a delayed onset intractable hyperventilation following endoscopic third ventriculostomy. The proposed aetiology of this exceptionally rare phenomenon is discussed. To our knowledge, previous cases have only been reported in the adult population.
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Observational Study
Evaluation of the necessity of hospitalization in children with an isolated linear skull fracture (ISF).
The prevalence of skull fractures after mild head trauma is 2 % in children of all ages and 11 % in children younger than 2 years. The current standard management for a child diagnosed with an isolated skull fracture (ISF), in our institute, is hospitalization for a 24-h observation period. Based on data from the literature, less than 1 % of all minor head injuries require neurosurgical intervention. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of neurological deterioration of ISF cases, in order to assess the need for hospitalization. ⋯ Children arriving at the emergency room with a minor head injury and isolated skull fracture on imaging studies may be considered for discharge after a short period of observation. Discharge should be considered in these cases provided the child has a reliable social environment and responsible caregivers who are able to return to the hospital if necessary. Hospital admission should be reserved for children with neurologic deficits, persistent symptoms, suspected child abuse, or when the parent is unreliable or is unable to return to the hospital if necessary. Reducing unnecessary hospitalizations can prevent emotional stress, in addition to saving costs for the child's family and the health care system.