Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
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Comparative Study
Timing of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion following spina bifida closure in Kenya.
In Western medical centers, emphasis has been placed on simultaneous myelomeningocele closure and ventriculoperitoneal shunting for children with spina bifida (SB) and co-morbid hydrocephalus (HC). This is not practical in developing countries where patients present in a delayed fashion, many with open, dirty myelomeningoceles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether timing of shunting in relation to myelomeningocele closure affected shunt-related complications such as SB wound infection, shunt infection, and shunt malfunction. ⋯ This study indicates that in developing countries, patients with SB who present in a delayed fashion but require shunting and have sterile CSF, should have their shunts inserted 5-10 days after SB closure.
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The impact of intracranial pressure (ICP), decompressive craniectomy (DC), extent of ICP therapy, and extracranial complications on long-term outcome in a single-center pediatric patient population with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is examined. ⋯ Though initial GCS was worse in pediatric TBI patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy compared to the conservatively treated patients, long-term outcome was comparable. In children, decompressive craniectomy might be favored early in the management of uncontrollable ICP.
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Morphine is avoided by many neurosurgeons following cranial surgery. There exists a concern regarding the potential complications and a perception that cranial surgery is less painful than other surgical procedures. At British Columbia Children's Hospital continuous morphine infusions (CMI) have been used to control pain in pediatric neurosurgical patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of continuous intravenous morphine infusion to standard oral analgesics in a neurosurgical ward setting. ⋯ These findings suggest that CMI is comparable to acetaminophen and codeine with respect to analgesia and serious side effects. We recommend the use of CMIs as an alternative when pain is poorly controlled in post-operative pediatric neurosurgical patients to prevent the potential adverse consequences of inadequate analgesia.
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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in children. Different options exist for their successful management consisting of surgery, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery, or a combination of these treatments. ⋯ In this paper, we discuss the different treatment modalities in the treatment of pediatric cerebral AVMs emphasizing the role of surgery and endovascular embolization as a preoperative strategy.
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Cerebral developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are the most frequently encountered cerebral vascular malformation. As such, they are often observed incidentally during routine CT and MRI studies. Yet, what DVAs represent from a clinical perspective is frequently not common knowledge and DVAs, therefore, still generate uncertainty and concern amongst physicians. This article reviews our current understanding of developmental venous anomalies. ⋯ DVAs represent variations of the normal cerebral venous angioarchitecture and by enlargement follow an uneventful clinical course. Complications can, however, occur and their management requires a thorough understanding of the nature of DVAs, including their frequent coexistence with other types of vascular malformation, and the existence of more complex but rare forms of presentation, such as the arterialized DVAs.