Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR
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This article reviews the current roles of imaging in the diagnosis of thyroid and parathyroid disorders, with an emphasis on ultrasound evaluation. Imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid can be performed with nuclear medicine, ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Indications for thyroid and parathyroid imaging studies have recently changed. ⋯ When preoperative imaging is clinically necessary, sonography or scintigraphy can be used for parathyroid adenoma localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The recent development of technetium-99m sestamibi as a parathyroid imaging agent has improved the sensitivity of scintigraphy for parathyroid adenoma localization. Ultrasound and radionuclide imaging have also become valuable imaging techniques for parathyroid localization in patients with recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism.
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Intracranial vascular malformations are nonneoplastic developmental anomalies that present a variety of clinical patterns, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal intracranial hemorrhage. A practicing radiologist can expect to encounter these abnormalities, which include capillary telangiectasias, venous angiomas (also called developmental venous anomalies), cavernous angiomas, and arteriovenous malformations. The imaging findings that characterize these lesions are reviewed in this article, along with their pathological and clinical features.
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The anatomy of the cranial dura and leptomeninges is both intricate and complex. A thorough discussion of the protective covering of the brain including the dura, arachnoid, and pia is provided on both gross and microscopic levels. An attempt to include issues of clinical relevance is made, highlighting the Virchow-Robin spaces and the optic sheath. In addition, the normal appearance of the dura and leptomeninges on MRI is presented to establish a framework for the discussion of leptomeningeal pathology.
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Semin. Ultrasound CT MR · Oct 1994
ReviewMRI of selected sports injuries: muscle tears, groin pain, and osteochondritis dissecans.
This article discusses three selected areas of sports medicine in which MRI is useful. The first is muscle injuries and includes the MRI findings in muscle tears, contusions, and myositis ossificans. ⋯ The final section covers plain radiographic and MRI findings in osteochondritis dissecans. Also discussed is the MRI staging of osteochondritis dissecans, which is important in treatment decisions and surgical planning.
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MRI with intravenous contrast has recently become the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients developing recurrent back pain or symptoms following laminectomy and/or discectomy. The normal postoperative appearance is important to recognize because a number of changes occur normally throughout the healing period. ⋯ Disc space infection, although uncommon, is a critical diagnosis, but can be confused with degenerative end plate changes. Arachnoiditis and spinal stenosis also show characteristic imaging findings.