Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
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This article serves to (1) review the relationship of the terms "delirium" and "encephalopathy," (2) describe delirium as defined in current diagnostic systems, (3) summarize the epidemiology and theories of pathogenesis, (4) review clinical diagnostic approaches, and (5) highlight the history using EEG in the study of delirium in the psychiatric literature. Delirium is an important medical syndrome with significant implications; there is continued need for better physiologic measures of the underlying brain dysfunction.
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This review will discuss several intracranial infections and sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Intracranial infections and inflammation of interest to the neurologist and EEG technicians include viral and autoimmune encephalitides; bacterial, fungal, and other meningitides; cerebritis; and brain abscess and subdural empyema. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy refers to a diffuse brain dysfunction secondary to infection that is principally located outside of the central nervous system. ⋯ It probably involves a number of mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive and likely vary from patient to patient. Morbidity and mortality are directly related to the severity of SAE. The earliest features of SAE are delirium and mild EEG slowing; it is crucial to recognize these early features and to search for and treat the underlying infection promptly to reduce mortality and morbidity.
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J Clin Neurophysiol · Apr 2013
ReviewPediatric ICU EEG monitoring: current resources and practice in the United States and Canada.
To describe current continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) utilization in critically ill children. ⋯ Among the surveyed institutions, which included primarily large academic centers, cEEG use in pediatric intensive care units is increasing and is often considered indicated for children with altered mental status at risk for nonconvulsive seizures. However, there remains substantial variability in cEEG access and utilization among institutions.
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J Clin Neurophysiol · Apr 2013
ReviewUtility of continuous EEG in children with acute traumatic brain injury.
Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The use of continuous EEG monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit setting to aid in the management of acute traumatic brain injury is becoming more common, although practice does vary between institutions. This variability is a product of the relative paucity of data, particularly as it applies to prospective studies, in evaluating the use of continuous EEG after traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population. This review will summarize the current literature involving the utility of continuous EEG monitoring in children with acute traumatic brain injury, with focus on specific indications, impact on management, and prognostic value.
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Both remote monitoring and nearby/available care models depend on waveform telemetry (a limited form of telemedicine) during intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). These dominant models neither mandate preoperative patient contact nor assume co-practitioner collegiality. This review and commentary argues in favor of a routine, normative relationship between the patient and the IONM physician/professional (IONM-P). ⋯ This "upgrade" also improves the likelihood that correct context-driven decisions will be made by the co-practitioners (IONM-P, proceduralist, and anesthesiologist) during complex multimodality monitoring. Most current models of IONM can be accommodated by readily available telemedicine-mediated videoconferencing. Several lines of argument are used to support this "patient-centered care model" of IONM.