Current opinion in gastroenterology
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Recent technological advancements and expanded efforts have led to a tremendous growth in the collective knowledge of the human microbiome. This review will highlight some of the important recent findings in this area of research. ⋯ There is a fast growing collection of data describing the structure and functional capacity of the microbiome in a variety of conditions available to the research community for consideration and further exploration. Ongoing efforts to further characterize the functions of the microbiome and the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions will provide a better understanding of the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
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Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most common medical emergencies. It is important to recognize potential etiologies of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and understand therapeutic modalities available in achieving hemostasis. This article summarizes guidelines in management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and reviews recent advances in the field. ⋯ Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer disease is not a new clinical problem. Yet, the approach to management continues to evolve with the accumulation of data and well designed studies on the subject.
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Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. · May 2014
ReviewMutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Exome sequencing studies have recently expanded the genetic characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Among a number of novel genes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is recurrently mutated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. We review the effects of these mutations on several biochemical pathways, as well as potential changes to downstream signaling pathways. ⋯ Tumors with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations may represent a distinct subtype of cholangiocarcinomas. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact role that mutant IDH1/2 and 2-hydroxyglutarate play in tumorigenesis, and what are the best strategies to target these tumor types.
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Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. · Mar 2014
ReviewHow soon should we start interventional feeding in the ICU?
Nutrition in the critically ill patient remains a controversial topic. Most clinicians have viewed nutrition as part of patient care but not as a therapeutic intervention. Recent studies have looked at type and timing of nutrition to determine whether they affect important clinical outcomes. ⋯ Although not strong, the best available data suggest that critically ill patients should be started on enteral tube feeds within 48 h of intubation whenever possible. The use of parenteral nutrition should be limited within the first 6 days, and not used to augment caloric intake. Finally, similar benefits are seen in patients receiving minimal enteral feeds versus full caloric enteral nutrition.
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Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. · Mar 2014
ReviewNew approaches to the treatments of short bowel syndrome-associated intestinal failure.
Teduglutide, a recombinant analog of human glucagon-like peptide 2, has recently been approved in the US and Europe (Gattex and Revestive, respectively) as the first targeted treatment of short bowel syndrome-associated intestinal failure (SBS-IF). Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves structural and functional intestinal adaptation following intestinal resection by decelerating a rapid gastric emptying, by decreasing gastric hypersecretion, by increasing intestinal blood flow and by promoting intestinal growth. This review summarizes the findings from phase 2 and 3 studies preceding the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency approval of subcutaneous teduglutide for this orphan condition. ⋯ Teduglutide will add incremental benefit to the limited medical treatment armamentarium in SBS patients by maximizing intestinal absorption, decreasing fecal losses, thereby decreasing or even eliminating the need for parenteral support. Future research should target and implement other key hormones with similar and possible additive or synergistic effects, thereby further promoting structural and functional adaptation and intestinal rehabilitation in these severely disabled SBS patients.