Anaesthesia and intensive care
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Jan 2013
ReviewHorner's syndrome in patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical practice.
Horner's syndrome appears when the three-neuron sympathetic pathway is interrupted anywhere from the posterior-lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus through the spinal cord to the eye. In children, Horner's syndrome can be either congenital or acquired, but overall it is a rare finding. ⋯ Although uncommon in the paediatric population, prompt recognition of the syndrome and immediate treatment may prevent permanent damage to the neuronal pathway. Awareness of the risk of developing iatrogenic Horner's syndrome and early detection of signs are recommended to minimise future disability.
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Jan 2013
ReviewBreastfeeding after anaesthesia: a review of the pharmacological impact on children.
Post-anaesthetic advice imparted to breastfeeding mothers can vary. This is due in part to the differing information from published data, product information sheets and inevitably from the unhindered flow of opinions available on the internet. This literature review examined the evidence relating to drugs commonly used in the modern anaesthetic setting and their impact on breastfed children. It suggests that special precautions are rarely warranted in the post-anaesthetic care of breastfeeding patients.
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Jan 2013
ReviewFrozen blood products: clinically effective and potentially ideal for remote Australia.
The development of effective cryopreservation techniques for both red blood cells and platelets, which maintain ex vivo biological activity, in combination with frozen plasma, provides for a unique blood banking strategy. This technology greatly enhances the storage life of these products. The rationale and potential advantages of using cryopreservation techniques for the provision of blood products to remote and military environments have been effectively demonstrated in several conflicts over the last decade. ⋯ The potential limitations of cryopreservation and subsequent product thawing need to be considered if such a strategy is to be developed. A substantial body of international experience using cryopreserved products in remote settings has already been accrued. This experience provides a template for the possible creation of an Australian integrated fresh-frozen blood bank inventory that could conceivably enhance the care of patients in both regional Australia and in the military setting.
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Anaesth Intensive Care · Nov 2012
ReviewThe meaning of acute kidney injury and its relevance to intensive care and anaesthesia.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the new consensus term for acute renal failure. The term describes a continuum of kidney injury, a common condition in the critically ill and after major surgery, which is associated with increased mortality. The incidence of AKI in intensive care unit patients in Australia is >30% and sepsis is a major contributory factor. ⋯ In this review, we explore the limitations of animal and human models of AKI and the implications of recent research on our current understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI. In addition, we describe conventional and novel diagnostic methods and therapies, and explore the clinical implications of the effect of fluid administration and perioperative management. Finally, we identify priorities for clinical investigations and future directions in AKI research.
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Epidural volume extension is a technical modification of the combined spinal epidural block. It involves the epidural injection of normal saline or a small volume of local anaesthetic after an intrathecal injection, aiming to augment the post-spinal sensory level. Although the consequent sensory block augmentation has been adequately documented, the probable factors influencing epidural volume extension and its implications for clinical practice are not well defined. This article reviews published literature relating to the probable factors affecting epidural volume extension, its clinical implications, case reports of its successful clinical application and summarises its unexplored effects.