Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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Personalized targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primarily relies on the concept of "oncogene addiction," in which multiple genetic abnormalities are addicted to one or a few genes for tumor cell maintenance and survival. Several molecular aberrations have been identified in NSCLC, with subsequent development of drugs targeted to these aberrations; gefitinib, erlotinib, and cetuximab for the treatment of NSCLC harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutation or overexpression, and crizotinib for the treatment of NSCLC with the EML4-ALK fusion translocation oncogene being some examples. ⋯ Cellular heterogeneity within an oncogene-addicted tumor can cause resistance to targeted therapy after an initial response. As our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and tumor resistance mechanisms evolves, more rational therapies and combinations of therapies can be expected.
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Various techniques, including standard bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspiration and mediastinoscopy, are used for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Minimizing the number of invasive procedures for lung cancer diagnosis and staging is preferred, however, and a growing number of bronchoscopic techniques are being used. Currently available techniques for the initial diagnosis of lung cancer include electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with computed tomography mapping and sample collection, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) using radial or convex probe tips, and the combination of the two approaches. ⋯ Several studies have demonstrated the utility of this approach for less invasive lung cancer mediastinal staging. EBUS-TBNA has also been used in the collection of tissue samples for the analysis of tumor biomarkers that significantly influence the selection of cancer treatment strategies. Evidence suggests that EBUS-TBNA may be less useful for restaging patients with lung cancer after cytotoxic therapy.