Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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Patients with immunocompromising conditions are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable infections. Further, those receiving immunosuppressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can have variable responses to vaccines depending on which vaccine and which DMARD they are receiving.
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In COVID-19, respiratory infection with SARS-CoV-2 plus another virus (viral co-infection) or with SARS-CoV-2 plus a bacterial pathogen (combined viral and bacterial pneumonia) has been described. Secondary bacterial pneumonia can follow the initial phase of viral respiratory infection or occur during the recovery phase. No obvious pattern or guidelines exist for viral co-infection, combined viral and bacterial pneumonia, or secondary bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19. Based on existing clinical data and experience with similar viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV, the management approach in COVID-19 should, ideally, take into consideration the overall presentation and the trajectory of illness.
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We briefly summarize the complement system and its functions in immunity and disease. We present data supporting the requirement of complement to resolve COVID-19, and discuss how complement overactivation later in severe disease could drive multiorgan damage characteristic of fatal COVID-19.
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Drugs targeting RNA respiratory viruses have resulted in few effective therapies, highlighting challenges for antivirals to treat COVID-19. Several antivirals are being investigated for symptomatic COVID-19 but no definitive data support their clinical use. Remdesivir appears to result in favorable outcomes with shortened time to recovery and a modest decrease in mortality for hospitalized patients in compassionate use series and some randomized controlled trials. ⋯ A randomized controlled trial of lopinavir/ritonavir demonstrated no apparent clinical or virologic benefit and drug-drug interactions and side effects further limit its utility. Antivirals to treat influenza (oseltamivir) have limited activity against SARS-CoV-2, but favipiravir and umifenovir, two influenza antivirals available internationally, may have distinct viral targets and require further investigation. Antivirals with evidence of clinical activity must be studied as treatment and prophylaxis for those at high risk for severe COVID-19.