Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), a common histologic finding, is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer, and GIM associated with Helicobacter pylori infection is classified as an environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with various dyspeptic symptoms. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis is a less common but important cause of chronic gastritis. ⋯ The risk of progression to malignancy is higher with incomplete GIM. It is also higher for those who immigrate from regions with a high incidence of H pylori infection to areas where the incidence is low. Guidelines regarding endoscopic management of GIM vary by geographic region.
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Review
Nonstatin therapy to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol being a causative risk factor. Though statins have a decades-long track record of efficacy and safety, nonstatin agents may be used to reduce LDL cholesterol as an adjunct or alternative to statin therapy. Several new nonstatin medications have been approved in recent years, with robust data from clinical trials supporting their use in atherosclerotic disease. This review addresses the indications, evidence, and important prescribing considerations for using nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy and proposes a practical approach for determining when to initiate nonstatin therapy.