American journal of preventive medicine
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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) can benefit those who use combustible tobacco if they transition completely to ENDS. ENDS can also result in nicotine addiction among nicotine naïve people. ⋯ For every 1 beneficial transition, ENDS use was associated with 2.15 harmful transitions; this ratio ranged from 0.75 to 2.77 in sensitivity analyses. With effective restrictions on ENDS access and marketing for tobacco naïve people, the population benefits of ENDS could outweigh population harms.
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Persistent racial and ethnic disparities exist for Type 2 diabetes in the U.S. Racial and ethnic minorities have a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes, and studies suggest that they engage in less exercise than White population. This study examined whether and to what degree racial differences in Type 2 diabetes were explained by exercise. ⋯ Habitual intentional exercise accounted for one tenth of the racial differences in Type 2 diabetes when comparing Hispanic or Chinese populations with White populations. Interventions promoting exercise are crucial to decrease Type 2 diabetes risk for all racial groups but may also narrow disparities in Type 2 diabetes among Hispanic and Chinese populations.
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This study aimed to examine the association of county-level racial and economic residential segregation with mortality rates in the U.S. between 2018 and 2022. ⋯ Racial and economic residential segregation was positively associated with mortality rates at the county level in the contemporary U.S. Future study should elucidate the mechanisms underlying associations to inform evidence-based interventions and improve the health of the entire population.
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National surveillance efforts have reported rural-urban disparities in childhood vaccination coverage by metropolitan statistical area designations, measured at the county level. This study's objective was to quantify vaccination trends using more discrete measures of coverage and rurality than prior work. ⋯ Increased efforts are needed to eliminate disparities in routine and on-time vaccination for rural children.