Current opinion in anaesthesiology
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Feb 2017
ReviewSleep, sleep studies and sleep-disordered breathing: basic knowledge for the anesthesiologist.
To provide a basic understanding of sleep physiology, the pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing and the processes applied in undertaking and assessing sleep studies. ⋯ This review describes the physiology of sleep including sleep stages, sleep monitoring, the normal hypnogram and investigation from simple overnight pulse oximetry to full polysomnography. The pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing is discussed; from simple snoring through obstructive sleep apnoea to obesity hypoventilation syndrome. The relationship to metabolic syndrome is explored.Salient points in the interpretation of sleep study reports are presented.
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Feb 2017
ReviewTiming of postoperative respiratory emergencies: when do they really occur?
Opioid-induced postoperative respiratory depression has garnered attention and calls for vigilance. However, a higher level of monitoring equates to increased use of hospital resources and is impractical to apply for all postoperative patients. Understanding the temporal pattern of postoperative respiratory emergency occurrences would allow for improved triage of monitoring resources for high-risk patients. Our objective is to describe the temporal pattern of risk of postoperative opioid-induced respiratory failure. ⋯ Emerging evidence indicates that the first postsurgical day carries the highest risk of adverse respiratory events, and this risk is often associated with opioid administration. Resources for increased monitoring should be directed to these high-risk times.
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This article reviews the technology and clinical data describing hemodynamic monitoring devices available to anesthesiologists and intensivists caring for patients undergoing thoracic surgical procedures, so that they may better utilize available technology to improve outcomes in this high-risk surgical population. ⋯ Technology that has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in major surgical procedures is likely applicable to patients undergoing thoracic surgical procedures; however, several unique features of these procedures limit or modify the way in which these devices can be used. Understanding the scientific basis of these devices is the key to using them effectively.
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Feb 2017
ReviewLung regeneration: steps toward clinical implementation and use.
Whole lung tissue engineering is a relatively new area of investigation. In a short time, however, the field has advanced quickly beyond proof of concept studies in rodents and now stands on the cusp of wide-spread scale up to large animal studies. Therefore, this technology is ever closer to being directly clinically relevant. ⋯ Ultimately, the goal of the research described herein is to create a useful clinical product. In the intermediate time, however, the tools described here may be employed to advance our knowledge of lung biology and the organ-specific regenerative capacity of lung stem and progenitor cells.
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As the field of interventional pulmonology continues to expand and develop at a rapid pace, anesthesiologists are increasingly called upon to provide well tolerated anesthetic care during these procedures. These patients may not be candidates for surgical treatment and often have multiple comorbidities. It is important for anesthesiologists to familiarize themselves with these procedures and their associated risks and complications. ⋯ The review summarizes the procedures now commonly performed by interventional pulmonologists and interventional radiologists. It discusses the anesthetic considerations for and common complications of these procedures to prepare anesthesiologists to safely care for these patients. Investigational techniques are also described.