Pediatric radiology
-
Pediatric radiology · Dec 2014
ReviewUpdate on injury mechanisms in abusive head trauma--shaken baby syndrome.
Violently shaking a baby leads to clinical presentations ranging from seizures to cardiopulmonary arrest. The main injuries sustained are retinal hemorrhages, subdural hemorrhages, and sometimes fractures and spine injury. ⋯ Recent works based on finite element models have shown that whiplash-shaking alone is enough to generate vitreo-retinal traction leading to retinal hemorrhage and to cause the rupture of bridging veins leading to subdural hemorrhage. We will review the main papers dealing with the mechanisms of shaken baby syndrome and present the most relevant hypothesis concerning the biomechanical aspects of injuries related to shaken baby syndrome.
-
Pediatric radiology · Dec 2014
ReviewImaging of skeletal injuries associated with abusive head trauma.
Skeletal injuries are commonly encountered in infants and young children with abusive head trauma. Although certain patterns of intracranial injury suggest abuse, none are diagnostic. ⋯ Other skeletal injuries including classic metaphyseal lesions and rib, spine and scapular fractures are strong predictors of abusive head trauma in infants with intracranial injury. It is mandatory to perform rigorous skeletal surveys in infants and young children with clinical and neuroimaging findings concerning for abusive head trauma.
-
Pediatric radiology · Dec 2014
ReviewThe anatomy and art of writing a successful grant application: a practical step-by-step approach.
Writing a compelling grant application is a skill that is crucial to conducting high-quality and high-impact scientific research. A successful grant proposal provides the resources necessary to foster activity in an important area of investigation. A concise and practical overview of the anatomy and art of grant writing is provided in this article, along with citations to resources that are particularly useful for junior investigators.
-
Pediatric radiology · Dec 2014
ReviewThe eye in child abuse: key points on retinal hemorrhages and abusive head trauma.
This review presents an up-to-date overview of ocular injuries resulting from child abuse, with a spotlight on abusive head trauma. Retinal hemorrhage is a principle finding of inflicted head trauma. The specific pattern of hemorrhages holds valuable diagnostic information, which can help to guide multidisciplinary assessments of the likelihood of abuse. ⋯ Focus is then placed upon understanding retinal hemorrhage patterns, their diagnostic significance and likely pathophysiological mechanisms. The differential diagnosis of retinal hemorrhage in young children is discussed, highlighting key distinctions among retinal hemorrhage patterns, severity and frequencies, as well as other ocular findings. The most common cause of retinal hemorrhage in an infant is trauma, and most other causes can be identified by considering the hemorrhage pattern, ocular or systemic signs and the results of laboratory and imaging tests, when indicated.
-
Paediatric palliative care is a distinct subspecialty that offers treatment to children with many types of illness, including oncological, neurological and respiratory problems. Paediatric interventional radiologists can make a useful contribution to symptom management as part of a multidisciplinary team. Interventions for pain management include local ablation or other treatment of painful lesions, image-guided nerve blocks and the insertion of devices for the delivery of analgesic drugs. Various techniques are also available for the management of ascites, pleural effusions and other symptomatic complications of the underlying disease process.