Journal of internal medicine
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide and a major health problem. In this review, the different approaches for CRC screening will be outlined with emphasis on evidence-based medicine. Evidence from randomized trials on the effectiveness of CRC screening is summarized. ⋯ Although colonoscopy screening is used in some countries, no randomized trials have been conducted to estimate its benefit, and therefore, it should not be recommended at the present time. Faecal occult blood test and flexible sigmoidoscopy are the two CRC screening tools that can be recommended as they have been proven to reduce CRC mortality. Colonoscopy has the potential to be superior to FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy, but needs to be evaluated in randomized trials before any recommendation can be provided.
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Declining cell-mediated immunity to varicella zoster virus (VZV) in elderly individuals results in virus reactivation manifest by zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). To prevent virus reactivation, a new VZV vaccine (Zostavax; Merck) that boosts cell-mediated immunity to VZV was developed. ⋯ This was because of a combination of lack of patient awareness of the vaccine, physicians' uncertainty about the duration of protection and different cost-sharing plans for immunization. Nevertheless, zoster vaccine is safe, effective and highly recommended for immunization of immunocompetent individuals over age 60 years with no history of recent zoster.
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There have been several recent reports of an increased risk of cardiovascular disease after radiotherapy. Hence, with an increasing number of cancer survivors, the incidence of cardiovascular disease caused by radiotherapy will increase. The existence of a type of vascular disease, or vasculopathy, induced by radiotherapy has been known for decades. ⋯ To minimize the risk of cardiovascular disease in vulnerable patients, careful selection of patients, radiation dose and fractionation are important, together with the development of new techniques that reduce radiation dose to the blood vessels. In the light of the finding of an interaction between risk factors for cardiovascular disease and radiotherapy, it is reasonable to modify these factors including diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and smoking. We believe that preventive strategies focusing on NF-κB can reduce the risk of future adverse cardiovascular events.
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An expanding spectrum of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases is considered 'autoinflammatory' diseases. This review considers autoinflammatory diseases as being distinct from 'autoimmune' diseases. ⋯ In contrast, autoinflammatory diseases are uniquely attributed to a dysfunctional monocyte caspase 1 activity and secretion of IL-1β; indeed, blocking IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in the severity of most autoinflammatory diseases. Flares of gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure and smouldering multiple myeloma are examples of seemingly unrelated diseases, which are uniquely responsive to IL 1β neutralization.