American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. · Nov 2011
PTEN limits alveolar macrophage function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after bone marrow transplantation.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are susceptible to infection despite cellular reconstitution. In a murine model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we previously reported that BMT mice have impaired host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia due to overproduction of (PG)E(2) in lung. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is an effector in the PGE(2) signaling pathway that negatively regulates alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis and bacterial killing. ⋯ However, AM phagocytosis of nonopsonized P. aeruginosa is only partially restored in the absence of PTEN after BMT. This may be related to elevated AM expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, a molecule previously identified in the PGE(2) signaling pathway to inhibit AM phagocytosis of nonopsonized bacteria. These data suggest that PGE(2) signaling up-regulates IRAK-M independently of PTEN and that these molecules differentially inhibit opsonized and nonopsonized phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa.
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. · Nov 2011
Cigarette smoke targets glutaredoxin 1, increasing s-glutathionylation and epithelial cell death.
It is established that cigarette smoke (CS) causes irreversible oxidations in lung epithelial cells, and can lead to their death. However, its impact on reversible and physiologically relevant redox-dependent protein modifications remains to be investigated. Glutathione is an important antioxidant against inhaled reactive oxygen species as a direct scavenger, but it can also covalently bind protein thiols upon mild oxidative stress to protect them against irreversible oxidation. ⋯ Conversely, primary tracheal epithelial cells of mice lacking Grx1 were more sensitive to CS-induced cell death, with corresponding increases in protein S-glutathionylation. These results show that CS can modulate Grx1, not only at the expression level, but can also directly modify Grx1 itself, decreasing its activity. These findings demonstrate a role for the Grx1/S-glutathionylation redox system in CS-induced lung epithelial cell death.
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. · Oct 2011
Carbon monoxide activates autophagy via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation.
Autophagy, an autodigestive process that degrades cellular organelles and protein, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis during environmental stress. Carbon monoxide (CO), a toxic gas and candidate therapeutic molecule, confers cytoprotection in animal models of acute lung injury. The mechanisms underlying CO-dependent lung cell protection and the role of autophagy in this process remain unclear. ⋯ CO protected against hyperoxia-induced cell death, and inhibited hyperoxia-associated ROS production. The ability of CO to protect against hyperoxia-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation was compromised in epithelial cells infected with LC3B-small interfering (si)RNA, indicating a role for autophagic proteins. These studies uncover a new mechanism for the protective action of CO, in support of potential therapeutic application of this gas.
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. · Oct 2011
Complement inhibition alleviates paraquat-induced acute lung injury.
The widely used herbicide, paraquat (PQ), is highly toxic and claims thousands of lives from both accidental and voluntary ingestion. The pathological mechanisms of PQ poisoning-induced acute lung injury (ALI) are not well understood, and the role of complement in PQ-induced ALI has not been elucidated. We developed and characterized a mouse model of PQ-induced ALI and studied the role of complement in the pathogenesis of PQ poisoning. ⋯ Similar reductions in PQ-induced inflammation, pathology, and mortality were recorded in mice treated with the C3 inhibitors, CR2-Crry, and alternative pathway specific CR2-fH. A similar therapeutic effect was also observed by treatment with either C3a receptor antagonist or a blocking C5a receptor monoclonal antibody. Together, these studies indicate that PQ-induced ALI is mediated through receptor signaling by the C3a and C5a complement activation products that are generated via the alternative complement pathway, and that complement inhibition may be an effective clinical intervention for postexposure treatment of PQ-induced ALI.
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. · Oct 2011
Multicenter StudyInterleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 gene associates with susceptibility to acute lung injury.
Sepsis is the most common cause of acute lung injury (ALI), leading to organ dysfunction and death in critically ill patients. Previous studies associated variants of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase genes (IRAKs) with differential immune responses to pathogens and with outcomes during sepsis, and revealed that increased expression levels of the IRAK3 gene were correlated with poor outcomes during sepsis. Here we explored whether common variants of the IRAK3 gene were associated with susceptibility to, and outcomes of, severe sepsis. ⋯ By imputation, we revealed three additional SNPs independently associated with ALI (P < 0.01). One of these (rs1732887) predicted the disruption of a putative human-mouse conserved transcription factor binding site, and demonstrated functional effects in vitro (P = 0.017). Despite the need for replication in independent studies, our data suggest that common SNPs in the IRAK3 gene may be determinants of sepsis-induced ALI.