Current opinion in oncology
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Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a new terminology proposed for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC). Recently, thyroid cancer incidence has increased dramatically, without affecting related mortality rate. This increase is widely attributed to the intensified surveillance leading to a substantial increase in the diagnosis of small classic papillary thyroid cancers and EFVPTCs. Recent studies emphasize the indolent behavior of the EFVPTC. Recently, there has been a reclassification of EFVPTC as NIFTP, a benign entity. The financial and emotional burden of 'cancer' diagnosis and treatment can be significant. ⋯ The information highlighted in this review will affect surgical decision making and may promote the offering of hemithyroidectomy over a total thyroidectomy to some patients with 'indeterminate' cytopathological category; postoperative radioiodine ablation will not be required for NIFTP patients.
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Three mAbs targeting immune checkpoint proteins are available for the treatment of patients with melanoma, lung, and kidney cancer, and their use will likely expand in the future to additional tumor types. We here update the literature on the incidence and pathophysiology of endocrine toxicities induced by these agents, and discuss management guidance. ⋯ In absence of predicting factors, accurate information to patients provided by the oncology care team is essential for early diagnosis and to limit the consequences of checkpoint inhibition-related endocrine toxicity.
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The purpose of the review is to delineate novel approaches for biology-based treatment in advanced gastric cancer. We reviewed the latest translational and clinical research articles and congress presentations. ⋯ Promising biology-based treatment strategies are evolving. But tumor heterogeneity which is an inherent feature of gastric cancer challenges the development of molecularly targeted and personalized treatment strategies.
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Checkpoint inhibitors have been increasingly considered as new targets for cancer therapies. Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors develop many immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). However, ophthalmic IRAEs are rare and have been reported in less than 1% of patients. To date, few case reports evaluating the ophthalmological side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors have been published. In this review, we plan to report the different ocular and orbital side-effects of the checkpoint inhibitors, and to help guide ophthalmologists and oncologists in their management. ⋯ Physicians involved in the care of oncologic patients should be aware of the ocular and orbital IRAEs that may develop with checkpoint inhibitors. A strong cooperation between oncologists and ophthalmologists is required in the diagnosis and prompt management of these IRAEs.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors, antiprogrammed death receptor 1 (anti-PD-1)/antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), are new therapeutic regimens for managing advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer patients, giving an overall response rate of approximately 20% as monotherapy in second-line treatment. The use of predictive biomarkers for identifying patients suitable for these therapies is an important issue not only for making treatment decisions, but also from a medical economic point of view. ⋯ Standardized techniques and conditions for evaluating PD-L1 expression (tissue quality and age, percentage positivity threshold, managing heterogeneous and dynamic expression) are critical for establishing the use of this protein as a predictive marker. Care should be also taken when using anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies in combination with other therapies, which may impact the predictive value of PD-L1 expression.