Atencion primaria
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Sexual violence is a very underdetected public health problem, with important short and long-term consequences on physical, mental, social, sexual and reproductive health, which must be taken into account by health services. Health systems are part of the set of resources necessary for a comprehensive approach from the ecological model: prevention and promotion of healthy sexuality with equality, adequate and coordinated care in the event of sexual assault and subsequent support to prevent sequelae. ⋯ A risk assessment will be carried out, the victim will be referred to a hospital if necessary and comprehensive and integrated care will be provided. Care and follow-up must focus on the survivor and with professionals trained in trauma to understand the consequences of sexual violence, offer a safe and trusting environment and know how to reinforce their qualities and support.
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Population aging is a global phenomenon that is increasing the proportion of older people, particularly those over 80 years old. This increase in longevity does not always translate into years of good quality of life. This document reviews the latest evidence on the main preventive activities for older adults, starting with major geriatric syndromes such as frailty, cognitive impairment, and social isolation. ⋯ Additionally, for the first time, it includes an analysis of preventive activities related to suicide in older adults, coordinated with mental health promotion programs. Frailty, defined as the progressive deterioration of physiological systems, is a significant predictor of adverse health events and is considered potentially reversible, especially in its early stages. The diagnosis and management of frailty through comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and the implementation of specific interventions such as multicomponent exercise, adequate nutrition, and medication review are key to improving the functionality and quality of life of older adults.
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Practice Guideline
[Preventive activities in women: PAPPS 2024 update].
In the 2024 PAPPS update, we present preventive activities specific to women's health, except those related to cancer prevention (which are included in another document) and aspects related to differential morbidity of gender, which is a cross-cutting element for all working groups. Contraception is an essential preventive activity; the right to decide both the number of children that they will have and when to have them is considered basic. We must inform about contraceptive methods, guaranteeing in follow-up their safety, efficacy, and effectiveness (tables are included on changing from one method to another to preserve contraceptive protection). ⋯ We also propose osteoporosis prevention, including bone density scanning according to the fracture risk in the next 10 years, therefore, bone density screening is not recommended in women under 60 years of age. We recommend the FRAX tool for assessing risk, or better, measuring hip fracture risk with prevalence data from the Community of Madrid. The indication for treatment is linked to the Z-score (bone mineral density compared with women of the same age), since this is a condition associated with aging, and not the T-score, which is used to compare women of 20 years of age.
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We present the recommendations of the Preventive Activities and Health Promotion Programme (PAPPS) of the semFYC (Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine) to promote healthy lifestyles using intervention methodology, and preventive actions against tobacco and alcohol use, healthy eating, physical activity in leisure time, prevention of traffic accidents, and child restraint systems. The recommendations have been updated, and new aspects highlighted, such as the definition of low-risk alcohol consumption, and the references have been updated. For the main recommendations, we include specific tables showing the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendation.
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Professionals who work with women victims of gender violence face difficult emotional situations, and it is important to be aware of the emotions and feelings that the attitudes and behaviour of victims and aggressors generate in them. These emotions can become barriers to communication and seriously affect the professional's relationship with victims. Furthermore, they can generate situations of sustained stress, lead to emotional exhaustion, and affect their health, life, and work performance. We describe the consequences, risk factors and warning signs, as well as protective or resilience factors, that are important to know, and we list the current challenges and some recommendations for professionals and management in order to help prevent such effects and improve professional performance without health risks.