American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Dec 2014
Optogenetic Stimulation of Adrenergic C1 Neurons Causes Sleep State Dependent Cardiorespiratory Stimulation and Arousal with Sighs in Rats.
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains central respiratory chemoreceptors (retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN) and the sympathoexcitatory, hypoxia-responsive C1 neurons. Simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of these neurons produces vigorous cardiorespiratory stimulation, sighing, and arousal from non-REM sleep. ⋯ C1 cell stimulation reproduces most effects of acute hypoxia, specifically cardiorespiratory stimulation, sighs, and arousal. C1 cell activation likely contributes to the sleep disruption and adverse autonomic consequences of sleep apnea. During hypoxia (awake) or REM sleep, C1 cell stimulation increases BP but no longer stimulates breathing.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Dec 2014
Randomized Controlled TrialEarly Respiratory Microbiota Composition Determines Bacterial Succession Patterns and Respiratory Health in Children.
Many bacterial pathogens causing respiratory infections in children are common residents of the respiratory tract. Insight into bacterial colonization patterns and microbiota stability at a young age might elucidate healthy or susceptible conditions for development of respiratory disease. ⋯ These findings provide novel insights into microbial succession in the respiratory tract in infancy and link early-life profiles to microbiota stability and respiratory health characteristics. New prospective studies should elucidate potential implications of our findings for early diagnosis and prevention of respiratory infections. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00189020).