Medicina
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Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life for affected individuals. The pathogenesis behind migraines is not yet fully understood, but hormonal changes, especially fluctuations in, estrogen and progesterone levels, have a significant role in the susceptibility of women to migraines. Pregnancy introduces a unique set of challenges for women who experience migraines, as they must navigate the complexities of managing their condition while safeguarding the health of both them and their unborn child. ⋯ Through collaboration with healthcare providers and the adoption of personalized management strategies, women can strike a balance that supports both their own well-being and the healthy development of their unborn child. By examining existing research and emerging insights, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and considerations of incorporating physical activity and other treatment options into migraine management strategies for pregnant women. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms linking migraines, pregnancy, and physical activity, enabling the development of more targeted interventions and guidelines.
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Review
Current Developments in the Management of Amblyopia with the Use of Perceptual Learning Techniques.
Background and Objectives: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by interocular suppression of visual input, affecting visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity, and other visual functions. Conventional treatment comprises occlusion of the sound eye. In recent years, novel therapies that deploy perceptual learning (PL) principles have been introduced. ⋯ Dichoptic video games, contrast rebalanced movies, and online perceptual training platforms are the main formats. Perceptual learning activates neuroplasticity, overcomes interocular suppression, and improves the visual impairments induced by amblyopia. Conclusions: This novel treatment is effective in both children and adults, as well as in patients non-responding to patching.
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Background and Objectives: In this review, we have explored the relationship between overtraining syndrome (OTS) and bone stress injuries among paralympic athletes. OTS is a complex condition that arises from an imbalance between training volume, nutrition, and recovery time, leading to significant negative effects on paralympic athlete's performance and overall well-being. On the other hand, bone stress injuries occur when abnormal and repetitive loading is applied to normal bone, resulting in microdamage accumulation and potential. ⋯ Conclusions: Currently, there are no definitive biochemical markers for overtraining syndrome. The diagnosis is based on a combination of subjective measures such as questionnaires, symptoms checklists, and objective biomarkers, including hormone levels, inflammatory markers, and imaging studies. However, these diagnostic approaches have limitations regarding their specificity and sensitivity.
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Background and objective-Obesity is a prevalent health concern that notably impairs male fertility through hormonal disruptions and other pathophysiological alterations. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) can significantly reduce weight. This narrative review synthesizes the existing literature discussing the impact of glucagon-like peptide-GLP-1 RAs on the male reproductive system, particularly on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and spermatogenesis, highlighting their potential impact on male fertility. ⋯ Despite numerous studies exploring the influence of GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs on reproductive hormones, testicular function, and spermatogenesis, further clinical trials are crucial to validate initial evidence. Longer follow-up periods are essential to address uncertainties regarding the long-term repercussions and outcomes of GLP-1 RA use. While this holds true, the current literature suggests that GLP-1RAs show promise as a potential therapeutic approach for improving sperm parameters in obese men.
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In 1968, Jean Berger first introduced the medical world to IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Fifty-five years later, its pathogenesis is still unclear, but treatments such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAAS-Is), tonsillectomies, and glucocorticoids are currently used worldwide. There have been great strides in the past 20 years since the discoveries of the specific dysregulation of mucosal immunity, galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), and Gd-IgA1 immune complexes in patients with IgAN. ⋯ A number of novel agents, including molecularly targeted drugs for targets such as APRIL, plasma cells, complement systems, and endothelin, are undergoing clinical trials. Some candidate drugs have been found to be effective, with minimal side effects. Over half a century after the discovery of IgAN, these therapies will soon be available for clinical use.