Current opinion in pulmonary medicine
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Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered by nasal mask is the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, oral and oronasal masks are also available. We considered experimental evidence and reviewed clinical trials that evaluated the impact of oral and oronasal mask on OSA treatment. ⋯ Nasal CPAP must be the first choice to treat OSA. Patients on oronasal mask should be carefully followed. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Up to twenty percent of patients with sarcoidosis develop pulmonary fibrosis, transforming an often benign disease into a highly morbid and potentially fatal one. We highlight the fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis phenotype as an area of intense clinical and translational investigation, review recent developments in treatment, and provide a roadmap for future research in sarcoidosis associated pulmonary fibrosis. ⋯ Understanding the mechanisms of fibrotic transformation in sarcoidosis enhances clinical care and facilitates development of novel therapeutic options. The impact of these findings in fibrotic sarcoidosis may be amplified through application to other interstitial lung diseases marked by inflammatory to fibrotic transformation. Important aspects of clinical management of fibrotic sarcoidosis include surveillance for co-morbidities, such as pulmonary hypertension, airway disease, and infection, and assessment for pulmonary disease activity that may benefit from immunosuppression.
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There is growing speculation that idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is, in reality, a grouping of separate disorders with a common histologic pattern. In this review, distinct clinical, imaging, and serologic features providing support for this premise are detailed and discussed. ⋯ The concept of idiopathic NSIP as a grouping of separate disorders with a common histologic pattern provides a template for potentially important pathogenetic insights.
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The review describes recent advances in bronchoscopic modalities used to diagnose peripheral pulmonary lesions. ⋯ The performance characteristics of the different advanced bronchoscopic modalities reported in the literature may not be representative of performance in clinical practice because of clinical and statistical heterogeneity in the published literature. However, evidence is accumulating that synergistic combinations of technologies may ultimately lead to better performance.
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Peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL) are being diagnosed with increasing frequency, especially with the increased use of chest computed tomography (CT). Depending on the location and size, these lesions often present a diagnostic challenge in terms of the low yield of traditional bronchoscopic biopsy techniques or the risks of a percutaneous biopsy approach. ⋯ These advanced bronchoscopic techniques play an increasingly common role in the evaluation and biopsy of PPL. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy and radial endobronchial ultrasound are the most commonly used guided techniques either in isolation or in combination and have the most published data regarding clinical experience and diagnostic yield; however, none of the techniques have consistently matched the yield of CT-guided trans-thoracic needle biopsy for PPL. Overall the complication rate of image-guided bronchoscopy techniques is low with pneumothorax being the most common adverse event.