Journal of neurovirology
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Journal of neurovirology · Dec 2016
Case ReportsNormonatremic osmotic demyelination in the setting of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and malnutrition: case report and literature review.
In this report, we present the case of a 43-year-old woman with AIDS, disseminated aspergillosis, and malnutrition who developed osmotic demyelination syndrome. AIDS-related osmotic demyelination has only been documented in a handful of cases to date, and it appears independent of the classic mechanism of rapid correction of hyponatremia. ⋯ It appears that complications of malnutrition, possibly related to depletion of organic osmolytes in the central nervous system, may place AIDS patients at greater risk of osmotic demyelination. These, and other proposed mechanisms, deserve further inquiry.
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Journal of neurovirology · Aug 2018
Case ReportsProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a central nervous system demyelinating disease caused by infection with John Cunningham virus. It affects predominantly the subcortical white matter, producing progressive neurological deficits and large confluent white matter lesions on imaging. It is usually seen in immunodeficient individuals, such as those suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, those on treatment with monoclonal antibodies, and those following therapeutic bone marrow suppression. Here, we report a rare case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an apparently immunocompetent adult, who was found to have idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia upon further investigation.
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Journal of neurovirology · Dec 2015
JC virus urinary excretion and seroprevalence in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients.
The risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), as a consequence of infection/reactivation with JC virus (JCV), is consistent in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, with 430 cases of PML reported so far. The risk of PML is higher in JCV seropositive patients, and it is recommended that only MS patients without JCV antibodies should be enrolled in the treatment postulating that they do not have JCV infection. We have studied forty-two natalizumab-treated MS patients, and urine and blood were collected monthly for up to 60 months. ⋯ JCV viruria and seropositivity did not completely correlate, since three patients shedding JCV DNA in the urine were seronegative according to the serological tests. The results indicated that natalizumab therapy may increase the rate of JCV urinary shedding. Additionally, we confirmed that the identification of JCV carriers cannot solely rely on serological tests, but sensitive methods for viral DNA detection should be adopted to more precisely identify the truly JCV uninfected cases.
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Journal of neurovirology · Apr 2019
Low-frequency fluctuation characteristics in rhesus macaques with SIV infection: a resting-state fMRI study.
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque is a widely used model to study human immunodeficiency virus. The purpose of the study is to discover the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) changes in SIV-infected macaques. Seven rhesus macaques were involved in the longitudinal MRI scans: (1) baseline (healthy state); (2) SIV infection stage (12 weeks after SIV inoculation). ⋯ Meanwhile, increased fALFF values were found in left superior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus, while decreased fALFF values existed in left hippocampus, left caudate, and right inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, ALFF and fALFF values in several brain regions showed significant relationships with CD4+ T cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, and plasma virus load. Our findings could promote the understanding of neuroAIDS caused by HIV infection, which may provide supplementary evidences for the future therapy study in SIV model.
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Journal of neurovirology · May 2000
ReviewThe association between multiple sclerosis and infection with Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus.
B-lymphoblastoid cell-lines may develop spontaneously in mononuclear cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, an observation rarely seen in healthy individuals. Examination of such spontaneously established B-cell lines reveal the presence of Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus particles. ⋯ This hypothesis is supported by a number of observations, including the finding that infection with Epstein-Barr virus may be a prerequisite for developing multiple sclerosis. The association between multiple sclerosis and infection with Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus is evaluated in this study.