Clinical journal of oncology nursing
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, representing more than 80% of lung cancer diagnoses. ⋯ Newer targeted therapies, as well as advances in genetic blueprinting, will be discussed. Nurses play a pivotal role in the assessment and management of patients with NSCLC and, therefore, must remain abreast of the most current prevention, screening, and treatment options.
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Deaths from cancer will continue to rise with an increasing and aging population. Family caregivers of patients with cancer will face loss, grief, and bereavement as a result. As mandated by cancer and palliative care clinical practice guidelines, support for family caregivers continues through the processes of grief and bereavement to facilitate a positive transition through loss. ⋯ A model of effectiveness, efficiency, and equity is used to examine the situation of bereaved caregivers and to suggest research questions to fill the gaps in what is known about their needs and experience. Bereaved caregivers are at high risk for many distressing symptoms, including depression and sleeplessness, related to a range of complex variables, such as age, gender, social support, resources, and their experiences during caregiving. Current systems of support have not been adequate to meet the needs of this population and very little is known about the caregivers' quality of life, well-being, and health outcomes or how best to provide compassionate and effective nursing care.
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Constipation is a major source of distress for patients with cancer, significantly affecting quality of life. It can be secondary to disease sequelae, side effects of treatment, or preexisting conditions. ⋯ This article summarizes the existing research evidence for constipation interventions and identifies gaps. Many of the strategies have been evaluated in nononcology populations; researchers should evaluate their effectiveness in oncology populations.
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Despite the common occurrence of cancer-related dyspnea, a paucity of literature is available for review, especially research literature that reports interventions to control dyspnea. The Oncology Nursing Society's Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) initiative organized a team on nurses to examine the literature, rank the evidence, summarize the findings, and make recommendations for nursing practice to improve patient outcomes. ⋯ Five interventions are listed in the effectiveness not established category and include extended-release morphine, midazolam plus morphine, nebulized opioids, the use of gas mixtures, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. This article critically examines the evidence, provides nurses with the best evidence for practice, and identifies gaps in the literature and opportunities for further research.