British journal of anaesthesia
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Given the often disappointing results of pharmacotherapy, many patients with chronic pain seek to modify their lifestyle. Some lifestyle factors, such as the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, or psychostimulants, are deleterious in this context, whereas others, such as physical activity and a balanced diet, are considered beneficial, but these require substantial effort on the part of patients. In all cases, it is important to analyse lifestyle factors in patients with chronic pain, without stigmatisation, as the co-existence of pain and inappropriate behaviour can be seen as double jeopardy in patients with pain.
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We compared baseline characteristics and outcomes and evaluated the subgroup effects of randomised interventions by sex in males and females in large international perioperative trials. ⋯ International Registry of Meta-Research (UID: IRMR_000011; 5 January 2021).